(a) Interpretation: The meaning of the term ‘expanded octet’ needs to be explained. Concept introduction: The ideal structure of a given molecule is deduced based on the octet rule according to which every atom bonds to another atom such that each acquires an octet or eight electrons around it.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 77QAP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The meaning of the term ‘expanded octet’ needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

The ideal structure of a given molecule is deduced based on the octet rule according to which every atom bonds to another atom such that each acquires an octet or eight electrons around it.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The meaning of the term ‘resonance’ needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

In a given molecule, there are bonding electrons as well as in certain cases non-bonding or lone pairs of electrons. The phenomenon in which these electrons show a tendency to delocalize or move around the molecule thereby giving rise to intermediate structures is referred to as resonance.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The meaning of the term ‘unshared electron pair’ needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

The ideal structure of a given molecule is deduced based on the octet rule according to which every atom bonds to another atom such that each acquires an octet or eight electrons around it.

The electrons around an atom can either be involved in bonding or remain non-bonding

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The meaning of the term ‘odd electron species’ needs to be explained

Concept introduction:

The ideal structure of a given molecule is deduced based on the octet rule according to which every atom bonds to another atom such that each acquires an octet or eight electrons around it.

Species with unpaired electrons are exceptions to the octet rule, these are odd electron species

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a) A favorable entropy change occurs when ΔS is positive. Does the order of the system increase or decrease when ΔS is positive? (b) A favorable enthalpy change occurs when ΔH is negative. Does the system absorb heat or give off heat when ΔH is negative? (c) Write the relation between ΔG, ΔH, and ΔS. Use the results of parts (a) and (b) to state whether ΔG must be positive or negative for a spontaneous change. For the reaction, ΔG is 59.0 kJ/mol at 298.15 K. Find the value of K for the reaction.

A sample of hydrated magnesium sulfate (MgSO4⋅xH2O) is analyzed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The sample weighs 2.50 g initially and is heated in a controlled atmosphere. As the temperature increases, the water of hydration is released in two stages: (a) The first mass loss of 0.72 g occurs at 150°C, corresponding to the loss of a certain number of water molecules. (b) The second mass loss of 0.90 g occurs at 250°C, corresponding to the loss of the remaining water molecules. The residue is identified as anhydrous magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) Questions: (i) Determine the value of x (the total number of water molecules in MgSO4⋅xH2O) (ii) Calculate the percentage of water in the original sample. Write down the applications of TGA.

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 77QAP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The meaning of the term ‘expanded octet’ needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

The ideal structure of a given molecule is deduced based on the octet rule according to which every atom bonds to another atom such that each acquires an octet or eight electrons around it.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The meaning of the term ‘resonance’ needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

In a given molecule, there are bonding electrons as well as in certain cases non-bonding or lone pairs of electrons. The phenomenon in which these electrons show a tendency to delocalize or move around the molecule thereby giving rise to intermediate structures is referred to as resonance.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The meaning of the term ‘unshared electron pair’ needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

The ideal structure of a given molecule is deduced based on the octet rule according to which every atom bonds to another atom such that each acquires an octet or eight electrons around it.

The electrons around an atom can either be involved in bonding or remain non-bonding

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The meaning of the term ‘odd electron species’ needs to be explained

Concept introduction:

The ideal structure of a given molecule is deduced based on the octet rule according to which every atom bonds to another atom such that each acquires an octet or eight electrons around it.

Species with unpaired electrons are exceptions to the octet rule, these are odd electron species

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 77QAP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The meaning of the term ‘expanded octet’ needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

The ideal structure of a given molecule is deduced based on the octet rule according to which every atom bonds to another atom such that each acquires an octet or eight electrons around it.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The meaning of the term ‘resonance’ needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

In a given molecule, there are bonding electrons as well as in certain cases non-bonding or lone pairs of electrons. The phenomenon in which these electrons show a tendency to delocalize or move around the molecule thereby giving rise to intermediate structures is referred to as resonance.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The meaning of the term ‘unshared electron pair’ needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

The ideal structure of a given molecule is deduced based on the octet rule according to which every atom bonds to another atom such that each acquires an octet or eight electrons around it.

The electrons around an atom can either be involved in bonding or remain non-bonding

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The meaning of the term ‘odd electron species’ needs to be explained

Concept introduction:

The ideal structure of a given molecule is deduced based on the octet rule according to which every atom bonds to another atom such that each acquires an octet or eight electrons around it.

Species with unpaired electrons are exceptions to the octet rule, these are odd electron species

Expert Solution & Answer

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 77QAP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The meaning of the term ‘expanded octet’ needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

The ideal structure of a given molecule is deduced based on the octet rule according to which every atom bonds to another atom such that each acquires an octet or eight electrons around it.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The meaning of the term ‘resonance’ needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

In a given molecule, there are bonding electrons as well as in certain cases non-bonding or lone pairs of electrons. The phenomenon in which these electrons show a tendency to delocalize or move around the molecule thereby giving rise to intermediate structures is referred to as resonance.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The meaning of the term ‘unshared electron pair’ needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

The ideal structure of a given molecule is deduced based on the octet rule according to which every atom bonds to another atom such that each acquires an octet or eight electrons around it.

The electrons around an atom can either be involved in bonding or remain non-bonding

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The meaning of the term ‘odd electron species’ needs to be explained

Concept introduction:

The ideal structure of a given molecule is deduced based on the octet rule according to which every atom bonds to another atom such that each acquires an octet or eight electrons around it.

Species with unpaired electrons are exceptions to the octet rule, these are odd electron species

Expert Solution & Answer

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Answer 5

Chapter 7, Problem 77QAP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The meaning of the term ‘expanded octet’ needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

The ideal structure of a given molecule is deduced based on the octet rule according to which every atom bonds to another atom such that each acquires an octet or eight electrons around it.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The meaning of the term ‘resonance’ needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

In a given molecule, there are bonding electrons as well as in certain cases non-bonding or lone pairs of electrons. The phenomenon in which these electrons show a tendency to delocalize or move around the molecule thereby giving rise to intermediate structures is referred to as resonance.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The meaning of the term ‘unshared electron pair’ needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

The ideal structure of a given molecule is deduced based on the octet rule according to which every atom bonds to another atom such that each acquires an octet or eight electrons around it.

The electrons around an atom can either be involved in bonding or remain non-bonding

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The meaning of the term ‘odd electron species’ needs to be explained

Concept introduction:

The ideal structure of a given molecule is deduced based on the octet rule according to which every atom bonds to another atom such that each acquires an octet or eight electrons around it.

Species with unpaired electrons are exceptions to the octet rule, these are odd electron species

Answer 6

Chapter 7, Problem 77QAP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The meaning of the term ‘expanded octet’ needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

The ideal structure of a given molecule is deduced based on the octet rule according to which every atom bonds to another atom such that each acquires an octet or eight electrons around it.

Answer 7

Chapter 7, Problem 77QAP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The meaning of the term ‘expanded octet’ needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

The ideal structure of a given molecule is deduced based on the octet rule according to which every atom bonds to another atom such that each acquires an octet or eight electrons around it.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The meaning of the term ‘resonance’ needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

In a given molecule, there are bonding electrons as well as in certain cases non-bonding or lone pairs of electrons. The phenomenon in which these electrons show a tendency to delocalize or move around the molecule thereby giving rise to intermediate structures is referred to as resonance.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The meaning of the term ‘resonance’ needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

In a given molecule, there are bonding electrons as well as in certain cases non-bonding or lone pairs of electrons. The phenomenon in which these electrons show a tendency to delocalize or move around the molecule thereby giving rise to intermediate structures is referred to as resonance.

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The meaning of the term ‘unshared electron pair’ needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

The ideal structure of a given molecule is deduced based on the octet rule according to which every atom bonds to another atom such that each acquires an octet or eight electrons around it.

The electrons around an atom can either be involved in bonding or remain non-bonding

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The meaning of the term ‘unshared electron pair’ needs to be explained.

Concept introduction:

The ideal structure of a given molecule is deduced based on the octet rule according to which every atom bonds to another atom such that each acquires an octet or eight electrons around it.

The electrons around an atom can either be involved in bonding or remain non-bonding

Answer 12

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The meaning of the term ‘odd electron species’ needs to be explained

Concept introduction:

The ideal structure of a given molecule is deduced based on the octet rule according to which every atom bonds to another atom such that each acquires an octet or eight electrons around it.

Species with unpaired electrons are exceptions to the octet rule, these are odd electron species

Answer 13

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The meaning of the term ‘odd electron species’ needs to be explained

Concept introduction:

The ideal structure of a given molecule is deduced based on the octet rule according to which every atom bonds to another atom such that each acquires an octet or eight electrons around it.

Species with unpaired electrons are exceptions to the octet rule, these are odd electron species

Answer 14

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Answer 15

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 16

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Answer 17

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(a) Interpretation: The meaning of the term ‘expanded octet’ needs to be explained. Concept introduction: The ideal structure of a given molecule is deduced based on the octet rule according to which every atom bonds to another atom such that each acquires an octet or eight electrons around it.

Solution Summary: The author explains that the ideal structure of a given molecule is deduced based on the octet rule.

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