(a) Interpretation: The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of N forms 3 bonds using sp 3 hybrid orbitals needs to be determined. Concept introduction: Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals. The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX m E n , A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A n = number of unshared electron pairs. The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 75QAP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of N forms 3 bonds using sp³ hybrid orbitals needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of N forms 2 pi bonds and 1 sigma bond needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of O forms 1 pi bond and 1 sigma bond needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of C forms 4 bonds, where 3 bonds are formed using carbon sp² hybrid orbitals, needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of Xe forms 2 bondsusing two sp³d hybrid orbitals, needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 75QAP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of N forms 3 bonds using sp³ hybrid orbitals needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of N forms 2 pi bonds and 1 sigma bond needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of O forms 1 pi bond and 1 sigma bond needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of C forms 4 bonds, where 3 bonds are formed using carbon sp² hybrid orbitals, needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of Xe forms 2 bondsusing two sp³d hybrid orbitals, needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Expert Solution & Answer

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 75QAP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of N forms 3 bonds using sp³ hybrid orbitals needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of N forms 2 pi bonds and 1 sigma bond needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of O forms 1 pi bond and 1 sigma bond needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of C forms 4 bonds, where 3 bonds are formed using carbon sp² hybrid orbitals, needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of Xe forms 2 bondsusing two sp³d hybrid orbitals, needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 7, Problem 75QAP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of N forms 3 bonds using sp³ hybrid orbitals needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of N forms 2 pi bonds and 1 sigma bond needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of O forms 1 pi bond and 1 sigma bond needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of C forms 4 bonds, where 3 bonds are formed using carbon sp² hybrid orbitals, needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of Xe forms 2 bondsusing two sp³d hybrid orbitals, needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Expert Solution & Answer

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Answer 5

Chapter 7, Problem 75QAP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of N forms 3 bonds using sp³ hybrid orbitals needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of N forms 2 pi bonds and 1 sigma bond needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of O forms 1 pi bond and 1 sigma bond needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of C forms 4 bonds, where 3 bonds are formed using carbon sp² hybrid orbitals, needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of Xe forms 2 bondsusing two sp³d hybrid orbitals, needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Answer 6

Chapter 7, Problem 75QAP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of N forms 3 bonds using sp³ hybrid orbitals needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Answer 7

Chapter 7, Problem 75QAP

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of N forms 3 bonds using sp³ hybrid orbitals needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of N forms 2 pi bonds and 1 sigma bond needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of N forms 2 pi bonds and 1 sigma bond needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of O forms 1 pi bond and 1 sigma bond needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of O forms 1 pi bond and 1 sigma bond needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Answer 12

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of C forms 4 bonds, where 3 bonds are formed using carbon sp² hybrid orbitals, needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Answer 13

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of C forms 4 bonds, where 3 bonds are formed using carbon sp² hybrid orbitals, needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Answer 14

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of Xe forms 2 bondsusing two sp³d hybrid orbitals, needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Answer 15

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of Xe forms 2 bondsusing two sp³d hybrid orbitals, needs to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Hybridization involves mixing of valence orbitals to form new orbitals that are lower in energy and more stable than the original orbitals. The new orbitals are termed as hybrid orbitals.

The molecular geometry can be predicted by classifying the species type as: AX_m E_n ,
A = central atom; X = atom bonded to the central atom; E = lone pairs on the central atom
m = number of atoms around the central atom or the number of bonds around A

n = number of unshared electron pairs.

The value of m + n reflects the geometry and hybridization of the central atom

Answer 16

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 17

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 18

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Answer 19

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Solution Summary: The author explains the formula of the ion or molecule in which an atom of N forms 3 bonds using sp 3 hybrid orbitals.

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