Chapter 6, Problem 47P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The explanation for the given statement is to be provided and the way by which this answer is given for the reaction is to be shown.

Concept introduction:

Electrophiles are electron-deficient species, which has positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles, which accept electron pair.

Nucleophiles are electron-rich species, which has negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles, which donate electron pair.

Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a functional group is substituted by any other functional group is called substitution reaction.

Nucleophilic substitution reaction is a reaction in which an electron-rich nucleophile attacks the positive or partial positive charge of an atom or a group of atoms to replace a leaving group.

Reaction sequences involve conversion of one functional group to another, which may also require addition or loss of carbon from the reactant.

These sequences involve a number of steps carried out by different reagents. Sometimes different reagents give the same products.

An ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{2}$ reaction is the nucleophilic substitution reaction in which two components are involved in the rate determining step. ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}\text{2}$ reaction occurs in one step.

An ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}1$ reaction is the nucleophilic substitution reaction in which one component is involved in the rate determining step. ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}1$ reaction occurs in two step.

The nucleophilic substitutions in which a nucleophile replaces a leaving group are known as ${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}1$ reactions.

${\text{S}}_{\text{N}}1$ reactions are unimolecular as the rate of reaction is dependent on the concentration of a single reactant.

Cyanide ion is a much better nucleophile than ethanol.