The R and S should be designated to below substrates as well as products of the bimolecular reaction and products with optical activity should be identified. Concept introduction: In order to assign absolute configuration of R and S Cahn − Ingold − Prelog rules are used and the first step is to assign the priority order with the atomic number as the fundamental property. The one with the highest atomic number gest highest priority and is designated as “a” and so on. The Fischer projection is written along with the priorities assigned and groups are interchanged between adjacent places so as to obtain the lowest priority group at the bottom or lowest priority. If the groups are arranged are read from highest towards least in clockwise fashion then R is assigned to the stereocenter, if the rotation is anticlockwise then S is assigned at the configuration. Any organic compound must have no plane of symmetry in order to be optically active. The compounds with any plane of symmetry are achiral and optically inactive.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 6, Problem 43P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The R and S should be designated to below substrates as well as products of the bimolecular reaction and products with optical activity should be identified.

Concept introduction: In order to assign absolute configuration of R and S Cahn − Ingold − Prelog rules are used and the first step is to assign the priority order with the atomic number as the fundamental property. The one with the highest atomic number gest highest priority and is designated as “a” and so on.

The Fischer projection is written along with the priorities assigned and groups are interchanged between adjacent places so as to obtain the lowest priority group at the bottom or lowest priority. If the groups are arranged are read from highest towards least in clockwise fashion then R is assigned to the stereocenter, if the rotation is anticlockwise then S is assigned at the configuration.

Any organic compound must have no plane of symmetry in order to be optically active. The compounds with any plane of symmetry are achiral and optically inactive.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The R and S should be designated to belowsubstrates as well as products of the bimolecular reaction and products that are optically active should be identified.

Concept introduction:In order to assign absolute configuration of R and S Cahn − Ingold − Prelog rules are used and the first step is to assign the priority order with the atomic number as the fundamental property. The one with the highest atomic number gest highest priority and is designated as “a” and so on.

The Fischer projection is written along with the priorities assigned and groups are interchanged between adjacent places so as to obtain the lowest priority group at the bottom or lowest priority. If the groups are arranged are read from highest towards least in clockwise fashion then R is assigned to the stereocenter, if the rotation is anticlockwise then S is assigned at the configuration.

Any organic compound must have no plane of symmetry in order to be optically active. The compounds with any plane of symmetry are achiral and optically inactive.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The R and S should be designated to below substrates as well as products of the bimolecular reaction and products that are optically active should be identified.

Concept introduction: In order to assign absolute configuration of R and S Cahn − Ingold − Prelog rules are used and the first step is to assign the priority order on the basis of the atomic number. The one with the highest atomic number gest highest priority and is designated as “a” and so on.

If the groups now are arranged are read from highest towards least in clockwise fashion the R is assigned to the stereocenter, provided the hydrogen is present below the plane. If hydrogen or least priority group is not below the plane the same molecule is designated as S.

If the rotation is anticlockwise the S is assigned at the configuration provided the hydrogen is present below the plane. If hydrogen or least priority group is not below the plane the same molecule is designated as R.

Any organic compound must have no plane of symmetry in order to be optically active. The compounds with any plane of symmetry are achiral and optically inactive.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The R and S should be designated to below substrates as well as products of the bimolecular reaction and products that are optically active should be identified.

Concept introduction: In order to assign absolute configuration of R and S Cahn − Ingold − Prelog rules are used and the first step is to assign the priority order on the basis of the atomic number. The one with the highest atomic number gest highest priority and is designated as “a” and so on.

If the groups now are arranged are read from highest towards least in clockwise fashion the R is assigned to the stereocenter, provided the hydrogen is present below the plane. If hydrogen or least priority group is not below the plane the same molecule is designated as S.

If the rotation is anticlockwise the S is assigned at the configuration provided the hydrogen is present below the plane. If hydrogen or least priority group is not below the plane the same molecule is designated as R.

Any organic compound must have no plane of symmetry in order to be optically active. The compounds with any plane of symmetry are achiral and optically inactive.

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 6, Problem 43P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The R and S should be designated to below substrates as well as products of the bimolecular reaction and products with optical activity should be identified.

Concept introduction: In order to assign absolute configuration of R and S Cahn − Ingold − Prelog rules are used and the first step is to assign the priority order with the atomic number as the fundamental property. The one with the highest atomic number gest highest priority and is designated as “a” and so on.

The Fischer projection is written along with the priorities assigned and groups are interchanged between adjacent places so as to obtain the lowest priority group at the bottom or lowest priority. If the groups are arranged are read from highest towards least in clockwise fashion then R is assigned to the stereocenter, if the rotation is anticlockwise then S is assigned at the configuration.

Any organic compound must have no plane of symmetry in order to be optically active. The compounds with any plane of symmetry are achiral and optically inactive.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The R and S should be designated to belowsubstrates as well as products of the bimolecular reaction and products that are optically active should be identified.

Concept introduction:In order to assign absolute configuration of R and S Cahn − Ingold − Prelog rules are used and the first step is to assign the priority order with the atomic number as the fundamental property. The one with the highest atomic number gest highest priority and is designated as “a” and so on.

The Fischer projection is written along with the priorities assigned and groups are interchanged between adjacent places so as to obtain the lowest priority group at the bottom or lowest priority. If the groups are arranged are read from highest towards least in clockwise fashion then R is assigned to the stereocenter, if the rotation is anticlockwise then S is assigned at the configuration.

Any organic compound must have no plane of symmetry in order to be optically active. The compounds with any plane of symmetry are achiral and optically inactive.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The R and S should be designated to below substrates as well as products of the bimolecular reaction and products that are optically active should be identified.

Concept introduction: In order to assign absolute configuration of R and S Cahn − Ingold − Prelog rules are used and the first step is to assign the priority order on the basis of the atomic number. The one with the highest atomic number gest highest priority and is designated as “a” and so on.

If the groups now are arranged are read from highest towards least in clockwise fashion the R is assigned to the stereocenter, provided the hydrogen is present below the plane. If hydrogen or least priority group is not below the plane the same molecule is designated as S.

If the rotation is anticlockwise the S is assigned at the configuration provided the hydrogen is present below the plane. If hydrogen or least priority group is not below the plane the same molecule is designated as R.

Any organic compound must have no plane of symmetry in order to be optically active. The compounds with any plane of symmetry are achiral and optically inactive.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The R and S should be designated to below substrates as well as products of the bimolecular reaction and products that are optically active should be identified.

Concept introduction: In order to assign absolute configuration of R and S Cahn − Ingold − Prelog rules are used and the first step is to assign the priority order on the basis of the atomic number. The one with the highest atomic number gest highest priority and is designated as “a” and so on.

If the groups now are arranged are read from highest towards least in clockwise fashion the R is assigned to the stereocenter, provided the hydrogen is present below the plane. If hydrogen or least priority group is not below the plane the same molecule is designated as S.

If the rotation is anticlockwise the S is assigned at the configuration provided the hydrogen is present below the plane. If hydrogen or least priority group is not below the plane the same molecule is designated as R.

Any organic compound must have no plane of symmetry in order to be optically active. The compounds with any plane of symmetry are achiral and optically inactive.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 6, Problem 43P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The R and S should be designated to below substrates as well as products of the bimolecular reaction and products with optical activity should be identified.

Concept introduction: In order to assign absolute configuration of R and S Cahn − Ingold − Prelog rules are used and the first step is to assign the priority order with the atomic number as the fundamental property. The one with the highest atomic number gest highest priority and is designated as “a” and so on.

The Fischer projection is written along with the priorities assigned and groups are interchanged between adjacent places so as to obtain the lowest priority group at the bottom or lowest priority. If the groups are arranged are read from highest towards least in clockwise fashion then R is assigned to the stereocenter, if the rotation is anticlockwise then S is assigned at the configuration.

Any organic compound must have no plane of symmetry in order to be optically active. The compounds with any plane of symmetry are achiral and optically inactive.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The R and S should be designated to belowsubstrates as well as products of the bimolecular reaction and products that are optically active should be identified.

Concept introduction:In order to assign absolute configuration of R and S Cahn − Ingold − Prelog rules are used and the first step is to assign the priority order with the atomic number as the fundamental property. The one with the highest atomic number gest highest priority and is designated as “a” and so on.

The Fischer projection is written along with the priorities assigned and groups are interchanged between adjacent places so as to obtain the lowest priority group at the bottom or lowest priority. If the groups are arranged are read from highest towards least in clockwise fashion then R is assigned to the stereocenter, if the rotation is anticlockwise then S is assigned at the configuration.

Any organic compound must have no plane of symmetry in order to be optically active. The compounds with any plane of symmetry are achiral and optically inactive.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The R and S should be designated to below substrates as well as products of the bimolecular reaction and products that are optically active should be identified.

Concept introduction: In order to assign absolute configuration of R and S Cahn − Ingold − Prelog rules are used and the first step is to assign the priority order on the basis of the atomic number. The one with the highest atomic number gest highest priority and is designated as “a” and so on.

If the groups now are arranged are read from highest towards least in clockwise fashion the R is assigned to the stereocenter, provided the hydrogen is present below the plane. If hydrogen or least priority group is not below the plane the same molecule is designated as S.

If the rotation is anticlockwise the S is assigned at the configuration provided the hydrogen is present below the plane. If hydrogen or least priority group is not below the plane the same molecule is designated as R.

Any organic compound must have no plane of symmetry in order to be optically active. The compounds with any plane of symmetry are achiral and optically inactive.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The R and S should be designated to below substrates as well as products of the bimolecular reaction and products that are optically active should be identified.

Concept introduction: In order to assign absolute configuration of R and S Cahn − Ingold − Prelog rules are used and the first step is to assign the priority order on the basis of the atomic number. The one with the highest atomic number gest highest priority and is designated as “a” and so on.

If the groups now are arranged are read from highest towards least in clockwise fashion the R is assigned to the stereocenter, provided the hydrogen is present below the plane. If hydrogen or least priority group is not below the plane the same molecule is designated as S.

If the rotation is anticlockwise the S is assigned at the configuration provided the hydrogen is present below the plane. If hydrogen or least priority group is not below the plane the same molecule is designated as R.

Any organic compound must have no plane of symmetry in order to be optically active. The compounds with any plane of symmetry are achiral and optically inactive.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 6, Problem 43P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The R and S should be designated to below substrates as well as products of the bimolecular reaction and products with optical activity should be identified.

Concept introduction: In order to assign absolute configuration of R and S Cahn − Ingold − Prelog rules are used and the first step is to assign the priority order with the atomic number as the fundamental property. The one with the highest atomic number gest highest priority and is designated as “a” and so on.

The Fischer projection is written along with the priorities assigned and groups are interchanged between adjacent places so as to obtain the lowest priority group at the bottom or lowest priority. If the groups are arranged are read from highest towards least in clockwise fashion then R is assigned to the stereocenter, if the rotation is anticlockwise then S is assigned at the configuration.

Any organic compound must have no plane of symmetry in order to be optically active. The compounds with any plane of symmetry are achiral and optically inactive.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The R and S should be designated to belowsubstrates as well as products of the bimolecular reaction and products that are optically active should be identified.

Concept introduction:In order to assign absolute configuration of R and S Cahn − Ingold − Prelog rules are used and the first step is to assign the priority order with the atomic number as the fundamental property. The one with the highest atomic number gest highest priority and is designated as “a” and so on.

The Fischer projection is written along with the priorities assigned and groups are interchanged between adjacent places so as to obtain the lowest priority group at the bottom or lowest priority. If the groups are arranged are read from highest towards least in clockwise fashion then R is assigned to the stereocenter, if the rotation is anticlockwise then S is assigned at the configuration.

Any organic compound must have no plane of symmetry in order to be optically active. The compounds with any plane of symmetry are achiral and optically inactive.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The R and S should be designated to below substrates as well as products of the bimolecular reaction and products that are optically active should be identified.

Concept introduction: In order to assign absolute configuration of R and S Cahn − Ingold − Prelog rules are used and the first step is to assign the priority order on the basis of the atomic number. The one with the highest atomic number gest highest priority and is designated as “a” and so on.

If the groups now are arranged are read from highest towards least in clockwise fashion the R is assigned to the stereocenter, provided the hydrogen is present below the plane. If hydrogen or least priority group is not below the plane the same molecule is designated as S.

If the rotation is anticlockwise the S is assigned at the configuration provided the hydrogen is present below the plane. If hydrogen or least priority group is not below the plane the same molecule is designated as R.

Any organic compound must have no plane of symmetry in order to be optically active. The compounds with any plane of symmetry are achiral and optically inactive.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The R and S should be designated to below substrates as well as products of the bimolecular reaction and products that are optically active should be identified.

Concept introduction: In order to assign absolute configuration of R and S Cahn − Ingold − Prelog rules are used and the first step is to assign the priority order on the basis of the atomic number. The one with the highest atomic number gest highest priority and is designated as “a” and so on.

If the groups now are arranged are read from highest towards least in clockwise fashion the R is assigned to the stereocenter, provided the hydrogen is present below the plane. If hydrogen or least priority group is not below the plane the same molecule is designated as S.

If the rotation is anticlockwise the S is assigned at the configuration provided the hydrogen is present below the plane. If hydrogen or least priority group is not below the plane the same molecule is designated as R.

Any organic compound must have no plane of symmetry in order to be optically active. The compounds with any plane of symmetry are achiral and optically inactive.

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Answer 5

Chapter 6, Problem 43P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The R and S should be designated to below substrates as well as products of the bimolecular reaction and products with optical activity should be identified.

Concept introduction: In order to assign absolute configuration of R and S Cahn − Ingold − Prelog rules are used and the first step is to assign the priority order with the atomic number as the fundamental property. The one with the highest atomic number gest highest priority and is designated as “a” and so on.

The Fischer projection is written along with the priorities assigned and groups are interchanged between adjacent places so as to obtain the lowest priority group at the bottom or lowest priority. If the groups are arranged are read from highest towards least in clockwise fashion then R is assigned to the stereocenter, if the rotation is anticlockwise then S is assigned at the configuration.

Any organic compound must have no plane of symmetry in order to be optically active. The compounds with any plane of symmetry are achiral and optically inactive.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The R and S should be designated to belowsubstrates as well as products of the bimolecular reaction and products that are optically active should be identified.

Concept introduction:In order to assign absolute configuration of R and S Cahn − Ingold − Prelog rules are used and the first step is to assign the priority order with the atomic number as the fundamental property. The one with the highest atomic number gest highest priority and is designated as “a” and so on.

The Fischer projection is written along with the priorities assigned and groups are interchanged between adjacent places so as to obtain the lowest priority group at the bottom or lowest priority. If the groups are arranged are read from highest towards least in clockwise fashion then R is assigned to the stereocenter, if the rotation is anticlockwise then S is assigned at the configuration.

Any organic compound must have no plane of symmetry in order to be optically active. The compounds with any plane of symmetry are achiral and optically inactive.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The R and S should be designated to below substrates as well as products of the bimolecular reaction and products that are optically active should be identified.

Concept introduction: In order to assign absolute configuration of R and S Cahn − Ingold − Prelog rules are used and the first step is to assign the priority order on the basis of the atomic number. The one with the highest atomic number gest highest priority and is designated as “a” and so on.

If the groups now are arranged are read from highest towards least in clockwise fashion the R is assigned to the stereocenter, provided the hydrogen is present below the plane. If hydrogen or least priority group is not below the plane the same molecule is designated as S.

If the rotation is anticlockwise the S is assigned at the configuration provided the hydrogen is present below the plane. If hydrogen or least priority group is not below the plane the same molecule is designated as R.

Any organic compound must have no plane of symmetry in order to be optically active. The compounds with any plane of symmetry are achiral and optically inactive.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The R and S should be designated to below substrates as well as products of the bimolecular reaction and products that are optically active should be identified.

Concept introduction: In order to assign absolute configuration of R and S Cahn − Ingold − Prelog rules are used and the first step is to assign the priority order on the basis of the atomic number. The one with the highest atomic number gest highest priority and is designated as “a” and so on.

If the groups now are arranged are read from highest towards least in clockwise fashion the R is assigned to the stereocenter, provided the hydrogen is present below the plane. If hydrogen or least priority group is not below the plane the same molecule is designated as S.

If the rotation is anticlockwise the S is assigned at the configuration provided the hydrogen is present below the plane. If hydrogen or least priority group is not below the plane the same molecule is designated as R.

Any organic compound must have no plane of symmetry in order to be optically active. The compounds with any plane of symmetry are achiral and optically inactive.

Answer 6

Chapter 6, Problem 43P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The R and S should be designated to below substrates as well as products of the bimolecular reaction and products with optical activity should be identified.

Concept introduction: In order to assign absolute configuration of R and S Cahn − Ingold − Prelog rules are used and the first step is to assign the priority order with the atomic number as the fundamental property. The one with the highest atomic number gest highest priority and is designated as “a” and so on.

The Fischer projection is written along with the priorities assigned and groups are interchanged between adjacent places so as to obtain the lowest priority group at the bottom or lowest priority. If the groups are arranged are read from highest towards least in clockwise fashion then R is assigned to the stereocenter, if the rotation is anticlockwise then S is assigned at the configuration.

Any organic compound must have no plane of symmetry in order to be optically active. The compounds with any plane of symmetry are achiral and optically inactive.

Answer 7

Chapter 6, Problem 43P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The R and S should be designated to below substrates as well as products of the bimolecular reaction and products with optical activity should be identified.

Concept introduction: In order to assign absolute configuration of R and S Cahn − Ingold − Prelog rules are used and the first step is to assign the priority order with the atomic number as the fundamental property. The one with the highest atomic number gest highest priority and is designated as “a” and so on.

The Fischer projection is written along with the priorities assigned and groups are interchanged between adjacent places so as to obtain the lowest priority group at the bottom or lowest priority. If the groups are arranged are read from highest towards least in clockwise fashion then R is assigned to the stereocenter, if the rotation is anticlockwise then S is assigned at the configuration.

Any organic compound must have no plane of symmetry in order to be optically active. The compounds with any plane of symmetry are achiral and optically inactive.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The R and S should be designated to belowsubstrates as well as products of the bimolecular reaction and products that are optically active should be identified.

Concept introduction:In order to assign absolute configuration of R and S Cahn − Ingold − Prelog rules are used and the first step is to assign the priority order with the atomic number as the fundamental property. The one with the highest atomic number gest highest priority and is designated as “a” and so on.

The Fischer projection is written along with the priorities assigned and groups are interchanged between adjacent places so as to obtain the lowest priority group at the bottom or lowest priority. If the groups are arranged are read from highest towards least in clockwise fashion then R is assigned to the stereocenter, if the rotation is anticlockwise then S is assigned at the configuration.

Any organic compound must have no plane of symmetry in order to be optically active. The compounds with any plane of symmetry are achiral and optically inactive.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The R and S should be designated to belowsubstrates as well as products of the bimolecular reaction and products that are optically active should be identified.

Concept introduction:In order to assign absolute configuration of R and S Cahn − Ingold − Prelog rules are used and the first step is to assign the priority order with the atomic number as the fundamental property. The one with the highest atomic number gest highest priority and is designated as “a” and so on.

The Fischer projection is written along with the priorities assigned and groups are interchanged between adjacent places so as to obtain the lowest priority group at the bottom or lowest priority. If the groups are arranged are read from highest towards least in clockwise fashion then R is assigned to the stereocenter, if the rotation is anticlockwise then S is assigned at the configuration.

Any organic compound must have no plane of symmetry in order to be optically active. The compounds with any plane of symmetry are achiral and optically inactive.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The R and S should be designated to below substrates as well as products of the bimolecular reaction and products that are optically active should be identified.

Concept introduction: In order to assign absolute configuration of R and S Cahn − Ingold − Prelog rules are used and the first step is to assign the priority order on the basis of the atomic number. The one with the highest atomic number gest highest priority and is designated as “a” and so on.

If the groups now are arranged are read from highest towards least in clockwise fashion the R is assigned to the stereocenter, provided the hydrogen is present below the plane. If hydrogen or least priority group is not below the plane the same molecule is designated as S.

If the rotation is anticlockwise the S is assigned at the configuration provided the hydrogen is present below the plane. If hydrogen or least priority group is not below the plane the same molecule is designated as R.

Any organic compound must have no plane of symmetry in order to be optically active. The compounds with any plane of symmetry are achiral and optically inactive.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The R and S should be designated to below substrates as well as products of the bimolecular reaction and products that are optically active should be identified.

Concept introduction: In order to assign absolute configuration of R and S Cahn − Ingold − Prelog rules are used and the first step is to assign the priority order on the basis of the atomic number. The one with the highest atomic number gest highest priority and is designated as “a” and so on.

If the groups now are arranged are read from highest towards least in clockwise fashion the R is assigned to the stereocenter, provided the hydrogen is present below the plane. If hydrogen or least priority group is not below the plane the same molecule is designated as S.

If the rotation is anticlockwise the S is assigned at the configuration provided the hydrogen is present below the plane. If hydrogen or least priority group is not below the plane the same molecule is designated as R.

Any organic compound must have no plane of symmetry in order to be optically active. The compounds with any plane of symmetry are achiral and optically inactive.

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The R and S should be designated to below substrates as well as products of the bimolecular reaction and products that are optically active should be identified.

Concept introduction: In order to assign absolute configuration of R and S Cahn − Ingold − Prelog rules are used and the first step is to assign the priority order on the basis of the atomic number. The one with the highest atomic number gest highest priority and is designated as “a” and so on.

If the groups now are arranged are read from highest towards least in clockwise fashion the R is assigned to the stereocenter, provided the hydrogen is present below the plane. If hydrogen or least priority group is not below the plane the same molecule is designated as S.

If the rotation is anticlockwise the S is assigned at the configuration provided the hydrogen is present below the plane. If hydrogen or least priority group is not below the plane the same molecule is designated as R.

Any organic compound must have no plane of symmetry in order to be optically active. The compounds with any plane of symmetry are achiral and optically inactive.

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The R and S should be designated to below substrates as well as products of the bimolecular reaction and products that are optically active should be identified.

Concept introduction: In order to assign absolute configuration of R and S Cahn − Ingold − Prelog rules are used and the first step is to assign the priority order on the basis of the atomic number. The one with the highest atomic number gest highest priority and is designated as “a” and so on.

If the groups now are arranged are read from highest towards least in clockwise fashion the R is assigned to the stereocenter, provided the hydrogen is present below the plane. If hydrogen or least priority group is not below the plane the same molecule is designated as S.

If the rotation is anticlockwise the S is assigned at the configuration provided the hydrogen is present below the plane. If hydrogen or least priority group is not below the plane the same molecule is designated as R.

Any organic compound must have no plane of symmetry in order to be optically active. The compounds with any plane of symmetry are achiral and optically inactive.

Answer 14

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Answer 15

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 16

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Answer 17

Ch. 6.2 - Prob. 6.1E Ch. 6.2 - Prob. 6.3TIY Ch. 6.3 - Prob. 6.4E Ch. 6.3 - Prob. 6.5E Ch. 6.3 - Prob. 6.6E Ch. 6.3 - Prob. 6.7E Ch. 6.3 - Prob. 6.8E Ch. 6.4 - Prob. 6.10TIY Ch. 6.4 - Prob. 6.11E Ch. 6.5 - Prob. 6.12E

Solution Summary: The author explains that the R and S should be designated to belowsubstrates as well as products of the bimolecular reaction.

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Chapter 6 Solutions