Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections (8th Edition)
8th Edition
ISBN: 9780321885326
Author: Jane B. Reece, Martha R. Taylor, Eric J. Simon, Jean L. Dickey, Kelly A. Hogan
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 6, Problem 16TYK
For a short time in the 1930s, some physicians prescribed low doses of a compound called dinitrophenol (DNP) to help patients lose weight. This unsafe method was abandoned after some patients died. DNP uncouples the chemiosmotic machinery by making the inner mitochondrial membrane leaky to H+. Explain how this drug could cause profuse sweating, weight loss, and possibly death.
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Because the inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to L, when there is an excess of mitochondrial L, it converts to M using a TCA condensation reaction, M crosses to the cytosol using a designated transport system. In the cytosol, M reconverts to L and oxaloacetate. Oxaloacetate is subsequently converted to malate with simultaneous production of N, a prerequisite cofactor for the glycolysis pathway. This reaction is then followed by conversion of N to pyruvate which produces O, a prerequisite cofactor for the fatty acid synthesis pathway.
L
M
N
O
A.
ATP
pyruvate
malate
NADPH
B.
ATP
citrate
ATP
NAD+
C.
acetyl CoA
pyruvate
NAD+
NADH
D.
acetyl CoA
citrate
NAD+
NADPH
E.
glucose
pyruvate
malate
NADP+
A new weight loss drug, Super Fat Melter, is introduced on the market but then quickly recalled after a few patients die. As it turns out, the pill makes the lipid bilayer of the inner mitochondrial membrane leaky to H+. What impact does this have on ATP production? Explain, with reference to the type of phosphorylation affected.
Although the outer mitochondrial membrane is permeable to all small molecules, the inner mitochondrial membrane is essentially impermeable in the absence of specific transport proteins. Consider this information answer: The ATP generated by oxidative respiration is used throughout the cell. The majority of ATP production occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. How do you think ATP is made accessible to enzymes in the cytosol and other organelles?
Chapter 6 Solutions
Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections (8th Edition)
Ch. 6 - Fill in the blanks in this summary map to help you...Ch. 6 - A biochemist wanted to study how various...Ch. 6 - In glycolysis, _____ is oxidized and _____ is...Ch. 6 - Which of the following is the most immediate...Ch. 6 - Which of the following is a true distinction...Ch. 6 - The poison cyanide binds to an electron carrier...Ch. 6 - In which of the following is the first molecule...Ch. 6 - Which of the three stages of cellular respiration...Ch. 6 - Compare and contrast fermentation as it occurs in...Ch. 6 - Prob. 10TYK
Ch. 6 - Prob. 11TYKCh. 6 - Prob. 12TYKCh. 6 - In the citric acid cycle, an enzyme oxidizes...Ch. 6 - ATP synthase enzymes are found in the prokaryotic...Ch. 6 - 15. SCIENTIFIC THINKING Several studies have found...Ch. 6 - For a short time in the 1930s, some physicians...Ch. 6 - Explain how the mechanism of brown fat metabolism...
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- The fatty acid side chains of the phospholipids in the inner mitochondrial membrane exhibit a large proportion of multiple unsaturations. As a result, will the membrane be hydrophobic or hydrophilic? Also will it be more fluid or more rigid? How do these characteristics help explain the observation that the inner membrane is impermeable to ions such as Mg2+ and Cl–? Hint: what moves these ions through the membrane?arrow_forwardSelect the correct answer : Which of the following statements best describes the chemiosmotic theory of ATP synthesis by the electron transport system? A) As the protons pass through the system, electrons are moved from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space and ATP is formed as the electrons move back to the matrix through only one phosphorylation site. B) As the electrons pass through the system, ATP is synthesized at three different phosphorylation sites. C) As the electrons pass through the system, protons are moved from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space and ATP is formed as the protons ;move back to the matrix through the three different phosphorylation sites. D) As the electrons pass through the system protons are moved from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space and ATP is formed as the protons move back to the matrix through only one phosphorylation site.arrow_forwardThe mitochondrial membrane potential is an indicator of cell viability. Think about mitochondrial function and decide which of these statements best describes the mitochondrial membrane potential. a.) A voltage that reflects the movement of ATP across the outer mitochondrial membrane b.) A voltage that reflects the movement of protons across the outer mitochondrial membrane c.) A voltage that reflects the movement of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane d.) A voltage that reflects the movement of ATP across the inner mitochondrial membranearrow_forward
- ATP is synthesized from ADP, P, and a proton on the matrix side of the in- ner mitochondrial membrane. We will refer to the matrix side as the "inside" of the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). (a) H* transport from the outside of the IMM into the matrix drives this process. The pH inside the matrix is 8.2, and the outside is more acidic by 0.8 pH units. Assuming the IMM membrane potential is 168 mV (inside negative), calculate AG for the transport of 1 mol of H* across the IMM into the matrix at 37 °C: Houtside) Hinside) (b) Assume three mol H* must be translocated to synthesize one mol ATP by coupling of the following reactions: ADP + P, + Hinskde) ATP + H,O(ATP synthesis) 3Hinside)(proton transport) 3Houtside)arrow_forwardThe glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle can transport cytosolic NADH equivalents into the mitochondrial matrix (see Fig. 15.11c). In this shuttle, the protons and electrons are donated to FAD, which is reduced to FADH₂. These protons and electrons are subsequently donated to coenzyme Q in the electron transport chain. End of Chapter Problem 86a How much ATP is generated per mole of glucose when the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle is used? (Tolerance is +/- 2%) ATP are generated per glucose.arrow_forwardEthanol is oxidized in the liver to form acetate, which is then converted to acetyl-CoA. Determine how many molecules of ATP are produced from 1 mol of ethanol. (Note that 2 mol of NADH are produced when ethanol is oxidized to form acetate.)arrow_forward
- An important function of the inner mitochondrial membrane is to provide a selectively permeable barrier to the movement of water soluble molecules and thus to generate different chemical environments on either side of the mem- brane. However, many of the substrates and products of oxidative phosphorylation are water soluble and must cross the inner membrane. How does this transport occur?arrow_forwardTwo mobile electron transfer carriers are present in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Name these two carriers.arrow_forwardCopper is a cofactor in several enzymes, including lysyl oxidase and superoxide dismutase.Ceruloplasmin, a deep-blue glycoprotein, is the principal copper-containing protein in blood. It isused to transport Cu2+ and maintain appropriate levels of Cu2+ in the body’s tissues.Ceruloplasmin also catalyzes the oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+, an important reaction in ironmetabolism. Because the metal is widely found in foods, copper deficiency is rare in humans.Deficiency symptoms include anemia, leukopenia (reduction in blood levels of white blood cells),bone defects, and weakened arterial walls. The body is partially protected from exposure toexcessive copper (and several other metals) by metallothionein, a small, metal-binding protein thatpossesses a large proportion of cysteine residues. Certain metals (most notably zinc and cadmium)induce the synthesis of metallothionein in the intestine and liver.In Menkes syndrome intestinal absorption of copper is defective. How can affected infants…arrow_forward
- In the mitochondrial disease MNGIE a deficiency of thymidine phosphorylase causes dTTP to accumulate in mitochondria. Describe the mechanism by which this occurs. A secondary effect is depletion of mitochondrial dCTP pools. Describe a plausible mechanism for this effect.arrow_forwardThe four complexes of the electron transport chain use the energy of electrons stored in reducing agents to create a concentration gradient of protons (H*) across the mitochondrial inner membrane. Give the number of protons pumped into the intermembrane space by each of the four complexes: complex I: complex II: complex III: complex IV:arrow_forwardThe maintenance of a proton motive force across the inner mitochondrial membrane is crucial for continued ATP production. Surprisingly, it has been discovered that the inner membranes of certain cells contain proteins, called uncoupling proteins, that are capable of transporting protons from the intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix. Why would mitochondria contain transporters that essentially waste energy potential in the proton gradient?arrow_forward
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