Number of intermediate formed in the reaction has to be determined. Concept introduction: Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway. Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction . Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction. Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction. Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products. The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is, ΔG 0 = ΔH 0 - TΔS In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes. In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 5, Problem 35P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Number of intermediate formed in the reaction has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The letter used to represent the transition states in the reaction has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The fastest step in the reaction has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The more stable step has to be determined from the given steps A and G.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

From the graph that whether A or E forms faster from C has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reactant of the rate determining step has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

It has to be determined that the first step in the reaction is whether exergonic or endergonic.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

(i)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The more stable intermediate has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

(j)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

It has to be identified that the step in the forward direction which has the largest rate constant.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

According to rate law the rate of a reaction is directly proportional to the concentration of the reactants involved in the reaction.
Rate α [Reactants]Rate = k × [Reactants]

Rate constant is a proportionality constant that appears in rate law. and it is independent of concentration but depend on other factors, most notably temperature.

Forward reaction: The reaction in which the reactant that converted into product.

Backward reaction: The reaction in which the product that converted into reactant

(k)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

It has to be identified that the step in the reverse direction which has the smallest rate constant.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

According to rate law the rate of a reaction is directly proportional to the concentration of the reactants involved in the reaction.
Rate α [Reactants]Rate = k × [Reactants]

Rate constant is a proportionality constant that appears in rate law. and it is independent of concentration but depend on other factors, most notably temperature.

Forward reaction: The reaction in which the reactant that converted into product.

Backward reaction: The reaction in which the product that converted into reactant

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 5, Problem 35P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Number of intermediate formed in the reaction has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The letter used to represent the transition states in the reaction has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The fastest step in the reaction has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The more stable step has to be determined from the given steps A and G.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

From the graph that whether A or E forms faster from C has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reactant of the rate determining step has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

It has to be determined that the first step in the reaction is whether exergonic or endergonic.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

(i)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The more stable intermediate has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

(j)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

It has to be identified that the step in the forward direction which has the largest rate constant.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

According to rate law the rate of a reaction is directly proportional to the concentration of the reactants involved in the reaction.
Rate α [Reactants]Rate = k × [Reactants]

Rate constant is a proportionality constant that appears in rate law. and it is independent of concentration but depend on other factors, most notably temperature.

Forward reaction: The reaction in which the reactant that converted into product.

Backward reaction: The reaction in which the product that converted into reactant

(k)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

It has to be identified that the step in the reverse direction which has the smallest rate constant.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

According to rate law the rate of a reaction is directly proportional to the concentration of the reactants involved in the reaction.
Rate α [Reactants]Rate = k × [Reactants]

Rate constant is a proportionality constant that appears in rate law. and it is independent of concentration but depend on other factors, most notably temperature.

Forward reaction: The reaction in which the reactant that converted into product.

Backward reaction: The reaction in which the product that converted into reactant

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Check out a sample textbook solution

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 5, Problem 35P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Number of intermediate formed in the reaction has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The letter used to represent the transition states in the reaction has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The fastest step in the reaction has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The more stable step has to be determined from the given steps A and G.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

From the graph that whether A or E forms faster from C has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reactant of the rate determining step has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

It has to be determined that the first step in the reaction is whether exergonic or endergonic.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

(i)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The more stable intermediate has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

(j)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

It has to be identified that the step in the forward direction which has the largest rate constant.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

According to rate law the rate of a reaction is directly proportional to the concentration of the reactants involved in the reaction.
Rate α [Reactants]Rate = k × [Reactants]

Rate constant is a proportionality constant that appears in rate law. and it is independent of concentration but depend on other factors, most notably temperature.

Forward reaction: The reaction in which the reactant that converted into product.

Backward reaction: The reaction in which the product that converted into reactant

(k)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

It has to be identified that the step in the reverse direction which has the smallest rate constant.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

According to rate law the rate of a reaction is directly proportional to the concentration of the reactants involved in the reaction.
Rate α [Reactants]Rate = k × [Reactants]

Rate constant is a proportionality constant that appears in rate law. and it is independent of concentration but depend on other factors, most notably temperature.

Forward reaction: The reaction in which the reactant that converted into product.

Backward reaction: The reaction in which the product that converted into reactant

Expert Solution & Answer

Want to see the full answer?

Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 4

Question

Chapter 5, Problem 35P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Number of intermediate formed in the reaction has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The letter used to represent the transition states in the reaction has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The fastest step in the reaction has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The more stable step has to be determined from the given steps A and G.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

From the graph that whether A or E forms faster from C has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reactant of the rate determining step has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

It has to be determined that the first step in the reaction is whether exergonic or endergonic.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

(i)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The more stable intermediate has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

(j)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

It has to be identified that the step in the forward direction which has the largest rate constant.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

According to rate law the rate of a reaction is directly proportional to the concentration of the reactants involved in the reaction.
Rate α [Reactants]Rate = k × [Reactants]

Rate constant is a proportionality constant that appears in rate law. and it is independent of concentration but depend on other factors, most notably temperature.

Forward reaction: The reaction in which the reactant that converted into product.

Backward reaction: The reaction in which the product that converted into reactant

(k)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

It has to be identified that the step in the reverse direction which has the smallest rate constant.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

According to rate law the rate of a reaction is directly proportional to the concentration of the reactants involved in the reaction.
Rate α [Reactants]Rate = k × [Reactants]

Rate constant is a proportionality constant that appears in rate law. and it is independent of concentration but depend on other factors, most notably temperature.

Forward reaction: The reaction in which the reactant that converted into product.

Backward reaction: The reaction in which the product that converted into reactant

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Answer 5

Chapter 5, Problem 35P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Number of intermediate formed in the reaction has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The letter used to represent the transition states in the reaction has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The fastest step in the reaction has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The more stable step has to be determined from the given steps A and G.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

From the graph that whether A or E forms faster from C has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reactant of the rate determining step has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

It has to be determined that the first step in the reaction is whether exergonic or endergonic.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

(i)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The more stable intermediate has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

(j)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

It has to be identified that the step in the forward direction which has the largest rate constant.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

According to rate law the rate of a reaction is directly proportional to the concentration of the reactants involved in the reaction.
Rate α [Reactants]Rate = k × [Reactants]

Rate constant is a proportionality constant that appears in rate law. and it is independent of concentration but depend on other factors, most notably temperature.

Forward reaction: The reaction in which the reactant that converted into product.

Backward reaction: The reaction in which the product that converted into reactant

(k)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

It has to be identified that the step in the reverse direction which has the smallest rate constant.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

According to rate law the rate of a reaction is directly proportional to the concentration of the reactants involved in the reaction.
Rate α [Reactants]Rate = k × [Reactants]

Rate constant is a proportionality constant that appears in rate law. and it is independent of concentration but depend on other factors, most notably temperature.

Forward reaction: The reaction in which the reactant that converted into product.

Backward reaction: The reaction in which the product that converted into reactant

Answer 6

Chapter 5, Problem 35P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Number of intermediate formed in the reaction has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

Answer 7

Chapter 5, Problem 35P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Number of intermediate formed in the reaction has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The letter used to represent the transition states in the reaction has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The letter used to represent the transition states in the reaction has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The fastest step in the reaction has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The fastest step in the reaction has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The more stable step has to be determined from the given steps A and G.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The more stable step has to be determined from the given steps A and G.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

Answer 14

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

From the graph that whether A or E forms faster from C has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

Answer 15

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

From the graph that whether A or E forms faster from C has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

Answer 16

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reactant of the rate determining step has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

Answer 17

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reactant of the rate determining step has to be identified.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

Answer 18

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

It has to be determined that the first step in the reaction is whether exergonic or endergonic.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

Answer 19

(g)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

It has to be determined that the first step in the reaction is whether exergonic or endergonic.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

Answer 20

(i)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The more stable intermediate has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

Answer 21

(i)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The more stable intermediate has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

Answer 22

(j)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

It has to be identified that the step in the forward direction which has the largest rate constant.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

According to rate law the rate of a reaction is directly proportional to the concentration of the reactants involved in the reaction.
Rate α [Reactants]Rate = k × [Reactants]

Rate constant is a proportionality constant that appears in rate law. and it is independent of concentration but depend on other factors, most notably temperature.

Forward reaction: The reaction in which the reactant that converted into product.

Backward reaction: The reaction in which the product that converted into reactant

Answer 23

(j)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

It has to be identified that the step in the forward direction which has the largest rate constant.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

According to rate law the rate of a reaction is directly proportional to the concentration of the reactants involved in the reaction.
Rate α [Reactants]Rate = k × [Reactants]

Rate constant is a proportionality constant that appears in rate law. and it is independent of concentration but depend on other factors, most notably temperature.

Forward reaction: The reaction in which the reactant that converted into product.

Backward reaction: The reaction in which the product that converted into reactant

Answer 24

(k)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

It has to be identified that the step in the reverse direction which has the smallest rate constant.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

According to rate law the rate of a reaction is directly proportional to the concentration of the reactants involved in the reaction.
Rate α [Reactants]Rate = k × [Reactants]

Rate constant is a proportionality constant that appears in rate law. and it is independent of concentration but depend on other factors, most notably temperature.

Forward reaction: The reaction in which the reactant that converted into product.

Backward reaction: The reaction in which the product that converted into reactant

Answer 25

(k)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

It has to be identified that the step in the reverse direction which has the smallest rate constant.

Concept introduction:

Reaction coordinate diagram is an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

Reactant: These are the substances initially present in a chemical reaction.

Product: These are the substances produced from reactants after a successful reaction.

Transition state: It is a hypothetical state that occurs in the space between the reactant and products in a chemical reaction.

Intermediate: It is a molecular entity formed from the reactants and reacts further to give the products.
The mathematical relationship between enthalpy (H) and free energy (G) is,

ΔG0 = ΔH0- TΔS

In an exergonic reaction the products have a lower free energy than it consumes.

In an endergonic reaction the product have a higher free energy than it consumes.

According to rate law the rate of a reaction is directly proportional to the concentration of the reactants involved in the reaction.
Rate α [Reactants]Rate = k × [Reactants]

Rate constant is a proportionality constant that appears in rate law. and it is independent of concentration but depend on other factors, most notably temperature.

Forward reaction: The reaction in which the reactant that converted into product.

Backward reaction: The reaction in which the product that converted into reactant

Answer 26

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 27

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 28

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Answer 29

Ch. 5.1 - Prob. 1P Ch. 5.1 - Draw the structure for each of the following: a....Ch. 5.1 - What is each compounds systematic name?Ch. 5.3 - Prob. 4P Ch. 5.3 - Prob. 5P Ch. 5.3 - Prob. 7P Ch. 5.4 - a. For which reaction in each set below will S be...Ch. 5.6 - Prob. 9P Ch. 5.6 - How many different alkenes can be hydrogenated to...Ch. 5.6 - The same alkane is obtained from the catalytic...

Solution Summary: The author describes the reaction coordinate diagram as an abstract one dimensional coordinate which represents progress along a reaction pathway.

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