Biological Science
5th Edition
ISBN: 9780321743671
Author: Scott Freeman
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 49, Problem 15TYPSS
Summary Introduction
To analyze:
The analysis of researcher’s hypothesis about the role of polypeptide hormone in the expression of gene by activating the transcription of DNA in nucleus.
Introduction:
The hormones are mainly of two types: Steroid hormone and amino acid derivatives, because of their different chemical nature, the function and mode of action vary from each other. The steroid hormones shows a higher permeability to plasma membrane as they are lipid soluble in nature, while most of the polypeptide hormones and amino-acid-derived hormones are not lipid soluble. Their solubility differences marks the difference in target surface of the hormones.
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To create a functional hormone, insulin pre-mRNA is first made during the process of transcription in the nucleus. It is then modified and exported out of the nucleus. Next, a BLANK (a specific molecule in the cell) carries-out translation using tRNAs to translate the sequence into amino acids. The polypeptide is further processed and then secreted from the cell.
Use the following information to answer the next
question.
The DNA strand shown below is thought to contain the
genetic code for part of an enzyme B-galactosidase
which is involved in lactose metabolism. (Read the DNA
beginning at the left.)
-A-T-A-T-G-G-G-G-C-A-T-G
The second amino acid coded from the section of DNA
for B-galactosidase is
Select one:
a. thymine
b. tryptophan
c. serine
d. threonine
Bully whippets are homozygous for a deletion of two base pairs in the myostatin gene. The deletion changes an mRNA codon in the middle of the myostatin mRNA from UGU to UGA. Use your knowledge of the genetic code to determine the effect of this mutation on the structure of the resulting protein.
Chapter 49 Solutions
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- Explain how phosphorylation and the binding of a nucleotide (such as aTp or GTp) can both be used to regulate protein activity. What do you suppose are the advantages of either form of regulation?arrow_forwardThe peptide hormone oxytocin induces labor by stimulating the concentration of uterine smooth muscle. Its amino acid sequence is as follows: Cys-Tyr-Ile-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Leu-Gly.Write a messenger RNA sequence for that sequence. Write the sequence of the two strands of DNA nucleotides that carry the information. for that protein.arrow_forwardVasopressin and oxytocin are examples of peptide molecules with more than one function. Provide examples of these functions and then speculate as to why organisms use the same molecules in seemingly different processes.arrow_forward
- Phosphorylation is a very common post-translational modication (PTM) to regulate protein function. Which amino acids are most commonly regulated by phosphorylation? Select an answer and submit. For keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a Leucine, arginine, serine. b Tyrosine, arginine, glutamine. C Serine, threonine, tyrosine. d Glutamine, arginine, tyrosine. e Serine, tyrosine, glutamine.arrow_forwardPlease answer thoroughlyarrow_forwardConsider, for example, that a particular serine residue is phosphorylated to activate the protein. In the lab, a similar effect is achieved by mutating this residue to either a D (aspartic acid) or E (glutamic acid). What could be the reason?arrow_forward
- Please consider the figure below. a. Give the name of the process illustrated in the figure. b. If this is part of the elongation stage, explain what is going to happen next. Use the labels, A, B and/or C to answer the question. c. What type of enzyme is involved in the process described in (b)? d. What terminus of the protein is represented by label A?arrow_forwardConsider Molecule X, which is found in all living cells. Each form of this molecule is keyed to the genetic code for a particular amino acid. When activated, the amino acid is covalently bonded to one end of this molecule, and it carries the amino acid to a ribosome to take part in protein assembly. What is the name of X? Your answer should be one word, or a short two- or three-word phrase. Spelling counts. Note: if there is more than one possible answer, separate each answer with a comma. 0arrow_forwardGive an example of a gene that encodes information for some final product which is not a peptidearrow_forward
- ADP ribosylation is one example of post-translational modification of an enzyme. Which statements about the process is true? ADP ribosylation will affect protein folding because of the addition of a large molecule ADP ribose can be added to the amine group of lysine or glutamine The ending of DNA around histones in the nucleus is altered by the ADP -ribosylation of the histone proteins in cancer cells ADP ribosylation requires ADP and the target protein as the substrates in the ADP ribosylation ADP ribosylation of phosphoinositol is an important step in signaling through a G protein-coupled receptor pathway.arrow_forwardMature human insulin is synthesized from a single Gene but contains two polypeptide chains (A and B) linked by disulfide bonds. Which of the following statements about the A and B chains provides the best explanation for the production of human insulin? a. They are identical and combine to form the mature insulin b. They are produced by proteolytic processing of a single translation product d. c. They are the products of alternative translation-initiation sites on a single mRNA They are the product of a separate A- and B-chain mRNA produced by alternative splicing e. They are the products of separate A- and B-chain mRNA synthesized from alternative promotersarrow_forwardTalk about a antibiotic that inhibits bacteria by inhibiting protein synthesis. Explain how these antibiotics interact with the protein synthesis machinery; what part of the protein synthesis machinery do they bind, and do all of these antibiotics bind to the same part of the machinery? How does this work to stop protein synthesis? Explain how it halts protein synthesis. Are these antibiotics bacteriostatic or bactericidal. Why and what does that mean for therapy?arrow_forward
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