Calculus - Standalone book
Calculus - Standalone book
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9781464125263
Author: Jon Rogawski, Colin Adams
Publisher: W.H. Freeman & Co
bartleby

Concept explainers

bartleby

Videos

Question
Book Icon
Chapter 4.6, Problem 21E
To determine

To Find the line y=x closest to the point (1,0) the equivalent and easier to minimize the square of the distance.

Blurred answer
Students have asked these similar questions
(10 points) Let f(x, y, z) = ze²²+y². Let E = {(x, y, z) | x² + y² ≤ 4,2 ≤ z ≤ 3}. Calculate the integral f(x, y, z) dv. E
(12 points) Let E={(x, y, z)|x²+ y² + z² ≤ 4, x, y, z > 0}. (a) (4 points) Describe the region E using spherical coordinates, that is, find p, 0, and such that (x, y, z) (psin cos 0, psin sin 0, p cos) € E. (b) (8 points) Calculate the integral E xyz dV using spherical coordinates.
(10 points) Let f(x, y, z) = ze²²+y². Let E = {(x, y, z) | x² + y² ≤ 4,2 ≤ z < 3}. Calculate the integral y, f(x, y, z) dV.

Chapter 4 Solutions

Calculus - Standalone book

Ch. 4.1 - Prob. 7ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 8ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 9ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 10ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 11ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 12ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 13ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 14ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 15ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 16ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 17ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 18ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 19ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 20ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 21ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 22ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 23ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 24ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 25ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 26ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 27ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 28ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 29ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 30ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 31ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 32ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 33ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 34ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 35ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 36ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 37ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 38ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 39ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 40ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 41ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 42ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 43ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 44ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 45ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 46ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 47ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 48ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 49ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 50ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 51ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 52ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 53ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 54ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 55ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 56ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 57ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 58ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 59ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 60ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 61ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 62ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 63ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 64ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 65ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 66ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 67ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 68ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 69ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 70ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 71ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 72ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 73ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 74ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 75ECh. 4.1 - Prob. 76ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 1PQCh. 4.2 - Prob. 2PQCh. 4.2 - Prob. 3PQCh. 4.2 - Prob. 4PQCh. 4.2 - Prob. 1ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 2ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 3ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 4ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 5ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 6ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 7ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 8ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 9ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 10ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 11ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 12ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 13ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 14ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 15ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 16ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 17ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 18ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 19ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 20ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 21ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 22ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 23ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 24ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 25ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 26ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 27ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 28ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 29ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 30ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 31ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 32ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 33ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 34ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 35ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 36ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 37ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 38ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 39ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 40ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 41ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 42ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 43ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 44ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 45ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 46ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 47ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 48ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 49ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 50ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 51ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 52ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 53ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 54ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 55ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 56ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 57ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 58ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 59ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 60ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 61ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 62ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 63ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 64ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 65ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 66ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 67ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 68ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 69ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 70ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 71ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 72ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 73ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 74ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 75ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 76ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 77ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 78ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 79ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 80ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 81ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 82ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 83ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 84ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 85ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 86ECh. 4.2 - Prob. 87ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 1PQCh. 4.3 - Prob. 2PQCh. 4.3 - Prob. 3PQCh. 4.3 - Prob. 4PQCh. 4.3 - Prob. 1ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 2ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 3ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 4ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 5ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 6ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 7ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 8ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 9ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 10ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 11ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 12ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 13ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 14ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 15ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 16ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 17ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 18ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 19ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 20ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 21ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 22ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 23ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 24ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 25ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 26ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 27ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 28ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 29ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 30ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 31ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 32ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 33ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 34ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 35ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 36ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 37ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 38ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 39ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 40ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 41ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 42ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 43ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 44ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 45ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 46ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 47ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 48ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 49ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 50ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 51ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 52ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 53ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 54ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 55ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 56ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 57ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 58ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 59ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 60ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 61ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 62ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 63ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 64ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 65ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 66ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 67ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 68ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 69ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 70ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 71ECh. 4.3 - Prob. 72ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 1PQCh. 4.4 - Prob. 2PQCh. 4.4 - Prob. 3PQCh. 4.4 - Prob. 4PQCh. 4.4 - Prob. 1ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 2ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 3ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 4ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 5ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 6ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 7ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 8ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 9ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 10ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 11ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 12ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 13ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 14ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 15ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 16ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 17ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 18ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 19ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 20ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 21ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 22ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 23ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 24ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 25ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 26ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 27ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 28ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 29ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 30ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 31ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 32ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 33ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 34ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 35ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 36ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 37ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 38ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 39ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 40ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 41ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 42ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 43ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 44ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 45ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 46ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 47ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 48ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 49ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 50ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 51ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 52ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 53ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 54ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 55ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 56ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 57ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 58ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 59ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 60ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 61ECh. 4.4 - Prob. 62ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 1PQCh. 4.5 - Prob. 2PQCh. 4.5 - Prob. 3PQCh. 4.5 - Prob. 1ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 2ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 3ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 4ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 5ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 6ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 7ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 8ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 9ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 10ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 11ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 12ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 13ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 14ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 15ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 16ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 17ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 18ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 19ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 20ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 21ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 22ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 23ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 24ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 25ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 26ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 27ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 28ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 29ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 30ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 31ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 32ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 33ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 34ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 35ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 36ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 37ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 38ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 39ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 40ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 41ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 42ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 43ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 44ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 45ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 46ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 47ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 48ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 49ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 50ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 51ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 52ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 53ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 54ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 55ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 56ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 57ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 58ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 59ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 60ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 61ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 62ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 63ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 64ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 65ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 66ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 67ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 68ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 69ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 70ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 71ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 72ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 73ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 74ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 75ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 76ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 77ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 78ECh. 4.5 - Prob. 79ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 1PQCh. 4.6 - Prob. 2PQCh. 4.6 - Prob. 3PQCh. 4.6 - Prob. 1ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 2ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 3ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 4ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 5ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 6ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 7ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 8ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 9ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 10ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 11ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 12ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 13ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 14ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 15ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 16ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 17ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 18ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 19ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 20ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 21ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 22ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 23ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 24ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 25ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 26ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 27ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 28ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 29ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 30ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 31ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 32ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 33ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 34ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 35ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 36ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 37ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 38ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 39ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 40ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 41ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 42ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 43ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 44ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 45ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 46ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 47ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 48ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 49ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 50ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 51ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 52ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 53ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 54ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 55ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 56ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 57ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 58ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 59ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 60ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 61ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 62ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 63ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 64ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 65ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 66ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 67ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 68ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 69ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 70ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 71ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 72ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 73ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 74ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 75ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 76ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 77ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 78ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 79ECh. 4.6 - Prob. 80ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 1PQCh. 4.7 - Prob. 2PQCh. 4.7 - Prob. 3PQCh. 4.7 - Prob. 4PQCh. 4.7 - Prob. 1ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 2ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 3ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 4ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 5ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 6ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 7ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 8ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 9ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 10ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 11ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 12ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 13ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 14ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 15ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 16ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 17ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 18ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 19ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 20ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 21ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 22ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 23ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 24ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 25ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 26ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 27ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 28ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 29ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 30ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 31ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 32ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 33ECh. 4.7 - Prob. 34ECh. 4 - Prob. 1CRECh. 4 - Prob. 2CRECh. 4 - Prob. 3CRECh. 4 - Prob. 4CRECh. 4 - Prob. 5CRECh. 4 - Prob. 6CRECh. 4 - Prob. 7CRECh. 4 - Prob. 8CRECh. 4 - Prob. 9CRECh. 4 - Prob. 10CRECh. 4 - Prob. 11CRECh. 4 - Prob. 12CRECh. 4 - Prob. 13CRECh. 4 - Prob. 14CRECh. 4 - Prob. 15CRECh. 4 - Prob. 16CRECh. 4 - Prob. 17CRECh. 4 - Prob. 18CRECh. 4 - Prob. 19CRECh. 4 - Prob. 20CRECh. 4 - Prob. 21CRECh. 4 - Prob. 22CRECh. 4 - Prob. 23CRECh. 4 - Prob. 24CRECh. 4 - Prob. 25CRECh. 4 - Prob. 26CRECh. 4 - Prob. 27CRECh. 4 - Prob. 28CRECh. 4 - Prob. 29CRECh. 4 - Prob. 30CRECh. 4 - Prob. 31CRECh. 4 - Prob. 32CRECh. 4 - Prob. 33CRECh. 4 - Prob. 34CRECh. 4 - Prob. 35CRECh. 4 - Prob. 36CRECh. 4 - Prob. 37CRECh. 4 - Prob. 38CRECh. 4 - Prob. 39CRECh. 4 - Prob. 40CRECh. 4 - Prob. 41CRECh. 4 - Prob. 42CRECh. 4 - Prob. 43CRECh. 4 - Prob. 44CRECh. 4 - Prob. 45CRECh. 4 - Prob. 46CRECh. 4 - Prob. 47CRECh. 4 - Prob. 48CRECh. 4 - Prob. 49CRECh. 4 - Prob. 50CRECh. 4 - Prob. 51CRECh. 4 - Prob. 52CRECh. 4 - Prob. 53CRECh. 4 - Prob. 54CRECh. 4 - Prob. 55CRECh. 4 - Prob. 56CRECh. 4 - Prob. 57CRECh. 4 - Prob. 58CRECh. 4 - Prob. 59CRECh. 4 - Prob. 60CRECh. 4 - Prob. 61CRECh. 4 - Prob. 62CRECh. 4 - Prob. 63CRECh. 4 - Prob. 64CRECh. 4 - Prob. 65CRECh. 4 - Prob. 66CRECh. 4 - Prob. 67CRECh. 4 - Prob. 68CRECh. 4 - Prob. 69CRECh. 4 - Prob. 70CRE
Knowledge Booster
Background pattern image
Calculus
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, calculus and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.
Similar questions
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
Recommended textbooks for you
Text book image
Trigonometry (MindTap Course List)
Trigonometry
ISBN:9781337278461
Author:Ron Larson
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Text book image
College Algebra
Algebra
ISBN:9781337282291
Author:Ron Larson
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Text book image
Elementary Algebra
Algebra
ISBN:9780998625713
Author:Lynn Marecek, MaryAnne Anthony-Smith
Publisher:OpenStax - Rice University
Text book image
Holt Mcdougal Larson Pre-algebra: Student Edition...
Algebra
ISBN:9780547587776
Author:HOLT MCDOUGAL
Publisher:HOLT MCDOUGAL
Text book image
Algebra & Trigonometry with Analytic Geometry
Algebra
ISBN:9781133382119
Author:Swokowski
Publisher:Cengage
Text book image
PREALGEBRA
Algebra
ISBN:9781938168994
Author:OpenStax
Publisher:OpenStax
Finding Local Maxima and Minima by Differentiation; Author: Professor Dave Explains;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvLj1s7SOtk;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY