(a) Interpretation: The chair forms of galactose are to be drawn. The more stable conformation of galactose is to be labeled. Concept introduction: Carbohydrates are naturally occurring compounds. Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones. Galactose is a aldohexose as it contains six carbon atoms as well as an aldehyde functional group . The molecular formula of galactose is C 6 H 12 O 6 . The stereocenters are carbon atoms on which the interchanging of two atoms or groups results in the formation of new stereoisomers.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 4, Problem 4.60P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: The chair forms of galactose are to be drawn. The more stable conformation of galactose is to be labeled.

Concept introduction: Carbohydrates are naturally occurring compounds. Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones. Galactose is a aldohexose as it contains six carbon atoms as well as an aldehyde functional group. The molecular formula of galactose is C6H12O6.

The stereocenters are carbon atoms on which the interchanging of two atoms or groups results in the formation of new stereoisomers.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: Among galactose and glucose, the sugar that is more stable is to be identified. The explanation corresponding to the correct choice is to be stated.

Concept introduction: Carbohydrates are naturally occurring compounds. Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones. Galactose is a aldohexose as it contains six carbon atoms as well as an aldehyde functional group. The molecular formula of galactose is C6H12O6.

The stereocenters are carbon atoms on which the interchanging of two atoms or groups results in the formation of new stereoisomers.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: The constitutional isomer of galactose is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: Carbohydrates are naturally occurring compounds. Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones. Galactose is a aldohexose as it contains six carbon atoms as well as an aldehyde functional group. The molecular formula of galactose is C6H12O6.

The stereocenters are carbon atoms on which the interchanging of two atoms or groups results in the formation of new stereoisomers.

Constitutional isomers have the same molecular formula but they differ in the pattern in which atoms are connected. They contain different functional groups and/or bonding patterns.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation: A stereoisomer of galactose that is different from glucose is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: Carbohydrates are naturally occurring compounds. Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones. Galactose is a aldohexose as it contains six carbon atoms as well as an aldehyde functional group. The molecular formula of galactose is C6H12O6.

The stereocenters are carbon atoms on which the interchanging of two atoms or groups results in the formation of new stereoisomers.

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B4. CH₂OH H H но. H CH₂OH OH H AR Zeval O OH H H HO H O H OH OH H OH H OH H OH OH/ H H Lactose H OH НО. H OH H H Sucrose The structures of the disaccharides lactose and sucrose are shown above. a) Identify the monosaccharide residue that is common to both disaccharides. OH b) Identify and explain the diastereomeric relationship between two of the monosaccharide units in these sugars. c) Draw a simple mechanism for the lactase-catalyzed cleavage of the glycosidic bond in lactose. d) Explain why lactose and sucrose give different results in the Benedict's test.

3. Draw the structure of the following glycosides (chair, where applicable). a. Sucrose b. B-lactose Raffinose – the most prevalent trisaccharide found in sugar beets; has the name a-D-galactopyranosyl - (1 → 6) - a-D-glucopyranosyl - (1 → 2) -B-D- fructofuranoside С.

1. Identify the anomeric carbons in sucrose and explain how it is different from lactose and cellulose. 2. Wikipedia (pictured below) has sucrose labeled beta-D-fructofuranosyl, but the anomeric carbon has the oxygen pointing down. Explain did Wikipedia get this wrong or what’s going on? Plz explain

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 4, Problem 4.60P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: The chair forms of galactose are to be drawn. The more stable conformation of galactose is to be labeled.

Concept introduction: Carbohydrates are naturally occurring compounds. Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones. Galactose is a aldohexose as it contains six carbon atoms as well as an aldehyde functional group. The molecular formula of galactose is C6H12O6.

The stereocenters are carbon atoms on which the interchanging of two atoms or groups results in the formation of new stereoisomers.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: Among galactose and glucose, the sugar that is more stable is to be identified. The explanation corresponding to the correct choice is to be stated.

Concept introduction: Carbohydrates are naturally occurring compounds. Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones. Galactose is a aldohexose as it contains six carbon atoms as well as an aldehyde functional group. The molecular formula of galactose is C6H12O6.

The stereocenters are carbon atoms on which the interchanging of two atoms or groups results in the formation of new stereoisomers.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: The constitutional isomer of galactose is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: Carbohydrates are naturally occurring compounds. Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones. Galactose is a aldohexose as it contains six carbon atoms as well as an aldehyde functional group. The molecular formula of galactose is C6H12O6.

The stereocenters are carbon atoms on which the interchanging of two atoms or groups results in the formation of new stereoisomers.

Constitutional isomers have the same molecular formula but they differ in the pattern in which atoms are connected. They contain different functional groups and/or bonding patterns.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation: A stereoisomer of galactose that is different from glucose is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: Carbohydrates are naturally occurring compounds. Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones. Galactose is a aldohexose as it contains six carbon atoms as well as an aldehyde functional group. The molecular formula of galactose is C6H12O6.

The stereocenters are carbon atoms on which the interchanging of two atoms or groups results in the formation of new stereoisomers.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 4, Problem 4.60P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: The chair forms of galactose are to be drawn. The more stable conformation of galactose is to be labeled.

Concept introduction: Carbohydrates are naturally occurring compounds. Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones. Galactose is a aldohexose as it contains six carbon atoms as well as an aldehyde functional group. The molecular formula of galactose is C6H12O6.

The stereocenters are carbon atoms on which the interchanging of two atoms or groups results in the formation of new stereoisomers.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: Among galactose and glucose, the sugar that is more stable is to be identified. The explanation corresponding to the correct choice is to be stated.

Concept introduction: Carbohydrates are naturally occurring compounds. Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones. Galactose is a aldohexose as it contains six carbon atoms as well as an aldehyde functional group. The molecular formula of galactose is C6H12O6.

The stereocenters are carbon atoms on which the interchanging of two atoms or groups results in the formation of new stereoisomers.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: The constitutional isomer of galactose is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: Carbohydrates are naturally occurring compounds. Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones. Galactose is a aldohexose as it contains six carbon atoms as well as an aldehyde functional group. The molecular formula of galactose is C6H12O6.

The stereocenters are carbon atoms on which the interchanging of two atoms or groups results in the formation of new stereoisomers.

Constitutional isomers have the same molecular formula but they differ in the pattern in which atoms are connected. They contain different functional groups and/or bonding patterns.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation: A stereoisomer of galactose that is different from glucose is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: Carbohydrates are naturally occurring compounds. Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones. Galactose is a aldohexose as it contains six carbon atoms as well as an aldehyde functional group. The molecular formula of galactose is C6H12O6.

The stereocenters are carbon atoms on which the interchanging of two atoms or groups results in the formation of new stereoisomers.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 4, Problem 4.60P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: The chair forms of galactose are to be drawn. The more stable conformation of galactose is to be labeled.

Concept introduction: Carbohydrates are naturally occurring compounds. Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones. Galactose is a aldohexose as it contains six carbon atoms as well as an aldehyde functional group. The molecular formula of galactose is C6H12O6.

The stereocenters are carbon atoms on which the interchanging of two atoms or groups results in the formation of new stereoisomers.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: Among galactose and glucose, the sugar that is more stable is to be identified. The explanation corresponding to the correct choice is to be stated.

Concept introduction: Carbohydrates are naturally occurring compounds. Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones. Galactose is a aldohexose as it contains six carbon atoms as well as an aldehyde functional group. The molecular formula of galactose is C6H12O6.

The stereocenters are carbon atoms on which the interchanging of two atoms or groups results in the formation of new stereoisomers.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: The constitutional isomer of galactose is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: Carbohydrates are naturally occurring compounds. Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones. Galactose is a aldohexose as it contains six carbon atoms as well as an aldehyde functional group. The molecular formula of galactose is C6H12O6.

The stereocenters are carbon atoms on which the interchanging of two atoms or groups results in the formation of new stereoisomers.

Constitutional isomers have the same molecular formula but they differ in the pattern in which atoms are connected. They contain different functional groups and/or bonding patterns.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation: A stereoisomer of galactose that is different from glucose is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: Carbohydrates are naturally occurring compounds. Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones. Galactose is a aldohexose as it contains six carbon atoms as well as an aldehyde functional group. The molecular formula of galactose is C6H12O6.

The stereocenters are carbon atoms on which the interchanging of two atoms or groups results in the formation of new stereoisomers.

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Answer 5

Chapter 4, Problem 4.60P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: The chair forms of galactose are to be drawn. The more stable conformation of galactose is to be labeled.

Concept introduction: Carbohydrates are naturally occurring compounds. Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones. Galactose is a aldohexose as it contains six carbon atoms as well as an aldehyde functional group. The molecular formula of galactose is C6H12O6.

The stereocenters are carbon atoms on which the interchanging of two atoms or groups results in the formation of new stereoisomers.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: Among galactose and glucose, the sugar that is more stable is to be identified. The explanation corresponding to the correct choice is to be stated.

Concept introduction: Carbohydrates are naturally occurring compounds. Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones. Galactose is a aldohexose as it contains six carbon atoms as well as an aldehyde functional group. The molecular formula of galactose is C6H12O6.

The stereocenters are carbon atoms on which the interchanging of two atoms or groups results in the formation of new stereoisomers.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: The constitutional isomer of galactose is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: Carbohydrates are naturally occurring compounds. Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones. Galactose is a aldohexose as it contains six carbon atoms as well as an aldehyde functional group. The molecular formula of galactose is C6H12O6.

The stereocenters are carbon atoms on which the interchanging of two atoms or groups results in the formation of new stereoisomers.

Constitutional isomers have the same molecular formula but they differ in the pattern in which atoms are connected. They contain different functional groups and/or bonding patterns.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation: A stereoisomer of galactose that is different from glucose is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: Carbohydrates are naturally occurring compounds. Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones. Galactose is a aldohexose as it contains six carbon atoms as well as an aldehyde functional group. The molecular formula of galactose is C6H12O6.

The stereocenters are carbon atoms on which the interchanging of two atoms or groups results in the formation of new stereoisomers.

Answer 6

Chapter 4, Problem 4.60P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: The chair forms of galactose are to be drawn. The more stable conformation of galactose is to be labeled.

Concept introduction: Carbohydrates are naturally occurring compounds. Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones. Galactose is a aldohexose as it contains six carbon atoms as well as an aldehyde functional group. The molecular formula of galactose is C6H12O6.

The stereocenters are carbon atoms on which the interchanging of two atoms or groups results in the formation of new stereoisomers.

Answer 7

Chapter 4, Problem 4.60P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: The chair forms of galactose are to be drawn. The more stable conformation of galactose is to be labeled.

Concept introduction: Carbohydrates are naturally occurring compounds. Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones. Galactose is a aldohexose as it contains six carbon atoms as well as an aldehyde functional group. The molecular formula of galactose is C6H12O6.

The stereocenters are carbon atoms on which the interchanging of two atoms or groups results in the formation of new stereoisomers.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: Among galactose and glucose, the sugar that is more stable is to be identified. The explanation corresponding to the correct choice is to be stated.

Concept introduction: Carbohydrates are naturally occurring compounds. Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones. Galactose is a aldohexose as it contains six carbon atoms as well as an aldehyde functional group. The molecular formula of galactose is C6H12O6.

The stereocenters are carbon atoms on which the interchanging of two atoms or groups results in the formation of new stereoisomers.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: Among galactose and glucose, the sugar that is more stable is to be identified. The explanation corresponding to the correct choice is to be stated.

Concept introduction: Carbohydrates are naturally occurring compounds. Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones. Galactose is a aldohexose as it contains six carbon atoms as well as an aldehyde functional group. The molecular formula of galactose is C6H12O6.

The stereocenters are carbon atoms on which the interchanging of two atoms or groups results in the formation of new stereoisomers.

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: The constitutional isomer of galactose is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: Carbohydrates are naturally occurring compounds. Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones. Galactose is a aldohexose as it contains six carbon atoms as well as an aldehyde functional group. The molecular formula of galactose is C6H12O6.

The stereocenters are carbon atoms on which the interchanging of two atoms or groups results in the formation of new stereoisomers.

Constitutional isomers have the same molecular formula but they differ in the pattern in which atoms are connected. They contain different functional groups and/or bonding patterns.

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: The constitutional isomer of galactose is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: Carbohydrates are naturally occurring compounds. Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones. Galactose is a aldohexose as it contains six carbon atoms as well as an aldehyde functional group. The molecular formula of galactose is C6H12O6.

The stereocenters are carbon atoms on which the interchanging of two atoms or groups results in the formation of new stereoisomers.

Constitutional isomers have the same molecular formula but they differ in the pattern in which atoms are connected. They contain different functional groups and/or bonding patterns.

Answer 12

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation: A stereoisomer of galactose that is different from glucose is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: Carbohydrates are naturally occurring compounds. Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones. Galactose is a aldohexose as it contains six carbon atoms as well as an aldehyde functional group. The molecular formula of galactose is C6H12O6.

The stereocenters are carbon atoms on which the interchanging of two atoms or groups results in the formation of new stereoisomers.

Answer 13

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation: A stereoisomer of galactose that is different from glucose is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: Carbohydrates are naturally occurring compounds. Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones. Galactose is a aldohexose as it contains six carbon atoms as well as an aldehyde functional group. The molecular formula of galactose is C6H12O6.

The stereocenters are carbon atoms on which the interchanging of two atoms or groups results in the formation of new stereoisomers.

Answer 14

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Answer 15

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Answer 16

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Answer 17

Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.1P Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.2P Ch. 4 - (a) Classify the carbon atoms in each compound as...Ch. 4 - Problem 3.3 Classify a carbon atom by the number...Ch. 4 - Problem 4.3 Draw the five constitutional isomers...Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.6P Ch. 4 - Prob. 4.7P Ch. 4 - Draw the five constitutional isomers that have...Ch. 4 - Give the IUPAC name for each compound. a. c. b. ...Ch. 4 - Give the IUPAC name for each compound. a....

Solution Summary: The author explains that the more stable conformation of galactose is to be labeled.

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