Chapter 4, Problem 1CTQ

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:The common molecule that is represented nine separate times in each figure in Model 1 should be determined.

Concept introduction:Intermolecular forces are type of forces that are responsible to hold atoms together in molecule.

There are various types of intermolecular forces as follows:

1. Hydrogen bonding:

As is evident from its name, these types of forces exist if hydrogen is present. Such forces are present when hydrogen atom bonds with highly electronegative elements like N, O, F. It is of two types: intramolecular and intermolecular. $\text{HF}$ forms hydrogen bonding with water.

2. Ion-dipole forces:

This force exists between ion and molecules with a dipole moment in them. Attraction exists between ion and oppositely charged end of dipole.

3. Ion-induced dipole forces:

When an ion approaches non-polar molecule, it induces temporary dipole in it. Ion gets attracted towards the oppositely charged part of dipole induced in molecule.

4. Dispersion forces:

Such forces are present between various atoms and molecules. These are observed generally in non-polar molecules, halogens and noble gases.

Explanation of Solution

Hydrogen and oxygen are present in structure shown in model 1. Since oxygen is highly electronegative in nature, hydrogen bonding is present between water molecules. So,a hydrogen-bonded molecule is present in each figure in model 1. The hydrogen bonding in water is as follows: