Manufacturing Engineering & Technology
7th Edition
ISBN: 9780133128741
Author: Serope Kalpakjian, Steven Schmid
Publisher: Prentice Hall
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Textbook Question
Chapter 4, Problem 11RQ
What are precipitates? Why are they significant in precipitation hardening?
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Students have asked these similar questions
1. What is Age Hardening and how does it differ from Quench Hardening?
2. Briefly describe the three steps involved in the Precipitation Hardening process.
3. What are Guinier-Preston Zones?
4. What's the difference between a Coherent and a Non-Coherent Precipitate?
5. Why would the formation of the 0' phase generally be undesirable, and the formation of 0-(CuAl2) be
even less desirable, when precipitation hardening an alloy?
6. What metals does a 2024-T4 alloy contain? Briefly define/explain what the T4 represents?
7. What metals does a 6061-T6 alloy contain? Briefly define/explain what the T6 represents?
8. Consider the following three alloys from the Al-Cu system (see Al-Cu Phase Diagram):
Pure Aluminum, 3wt%Cu-97wt%Al, and 8wt%Cu-92wt%Al.
Which of these alloys is the best candidate for Age Hardening? Why?
Which of these alloys is the worst candidate for Age Hardening? Why?
Quenching is a process used to preserve at room temperature a phase which exists in
equilibrium at high temperature but which would decompose during equilibrium
cooling. Explain the basis of this process in the precipitation process and martensitic
transformation. Use phase diagrams when necessary.
Draw the iron carbon phase diagram
and labeling all lines and areas.
Then:-
1- find the melting point of cast iron
with 2.2%C.
2- explain in detail the steps of
solidification and transformation of
cast iron with 3%C.
3- draw the expected microstructure
of iron with 0.1%C ; 0.4%C; 0.83%C;
2%C; 4.3%C.
4-draw the cooling curve for hyper
steel with 1.8%C.
5- find the percentage of liquid and
solid for cast iron with 3.8%C at 1160
degree Celsius with the composition
for each of them.
Chapter 4 Solutions
Manufacturing Engineering & Technology
Ch. 4 - Describe the difference between a solute and a...Ch. 4 - What is a solid solution?Ch. 4 - Prob. 3RQCh. 4 - Describe the difference between a single-phase and...Ch. 4 - What is an induction heater? What kind of part...Ch. 4 - Describe the major features of a phase diagram.Ch. 4 - What do the terms equilibrium and constitutional,...Ch. 4 - Prob. 8RQCh. 4 - What is tempering? Why is it performed?Ch. 4 - Explain what is meant by severity of quenching.
Ch. 4 - What are precipitates? Why are they significant in...Ch. 4 - Prob. 12RQCh. 4 - Prob. 13RQCh. 4 - Prob. 14RQCh. 4 - Prob. 15RQCh. 4 - You may have seen some technical literature on...Ch. 4 - Prob. 17QLPCh. 4 - What is the difference between hardness and...Ch. 4 - Prob. 19QLPCh. 4 - Prob. 20QLPCh. 4 - Prob. 21QLPCh. 4 - Describe the characteristics of (a) an alloy, (b)...Ch. 4 - Explain why carbon, among all elements, is so...Ch. 4 - Prob. 24QLPCh. 4 - In Section 4.8.2, several fluids are listed in...Ch. 4 - Why is it important to know the characteristics of...Ch. 4 - Explain why, in the abscissa of Fig. 4.16c, the...Ch. 4 - Prob. 28QLPCh. 4 - Prob. 29QLPCh. 4 - Prob. 30QLPCh. 4 - Design a heat-treating cycle for carbon steel,...Ch. 4 - Using Fig. 4.4, estimate the following quantities...Ch. 4 - Prob. 33QTPCh. 4 - Prob. 34QTPCh. 4 - Prob. 35SDPCh. 4 - Figure 4.18b shows hardness distributions in...Ch. 4 - Throughout this chapter, you have seen specific...Ch. 4 - Refer to Fig. 4.24, and think of a variety of...Ch. 4 - Inspect various parts in your car or home, and...
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- What is the general form of a eutectic reaction?arrow_forwardWhat is a eutectic composition?arrow_forwardUsing the TTT diagram, what microstructure would be developed by rapidly cooling to 650°C and holding for 50 seconds, followed by rapid cooling to 500°C and holding for 5 seconds, followed by quenching to room temperature? (give relative percentages of each microstructure component) Using the TTT diagram, describe the entire thermal treatment that would generate a microstructure consisting of 50% bainite, and 50% martensite. On the CCT diagram to the right, what microstructure would be developed by following cooling curve (c), then heating to 700°C for at least a day? Temperature l"C)arrow_forward
- For a 60-40 Pb-Sn alloy, what would the percent of each phase be at 185°C and 180°C?arrow_forward6- What is the critical cooling rate for hardening? Explain. Explain the effects of alloying elements on hardenability by showing them on the TTT (ZSD) diagram.arrow_forwardUsing the TTT diagram for eutectoid steel, draw the specified cooling path on the diagram. Indicate what phases you expect in the final product with percentage of each phase. Assume the material has been fully austenitized before cooling. a. Water cool to room temperature b. Hot quench in molten salt to 690°C and then cooled isothermally for 2 hours: c. Hot quench to 610°C hold 3 minutes and water quencharrow_forward
- The objective of the precipitation- hardening process is the formation of ---------- in the 1-martensite 2-dispersed precipitate 3-inter metallic compound 4-austenitearrow_forward12-70 A steel is heated until 40% austenite, with a carbon content of 0.5%, forms. Estimate the temperature and the overall carbon content of the steel.arrow_forwardQUESTION 5 Using the continuous-cooling transformation diagram for a eutectoid Fe-C alloy shown below, perform the following tasks. (a) Plot the cooling curve (rough position) corresponding to normalising treatment, and specify the microstructure obtained. (b) Plot the cooling curve (rough position) corresponding to full annealing, and specify the microstructure obtained. (c) Design a heat treatment to produce a duplex microstructure of about half pearlite and half tempered martensite, specifying all the steps and plotting, roughly, the cooling curve involved. (d) If a full (i.e. 100%) tempered martensitic microstructure is desirable, describe the conditions for achieving it in terms of both cooling rate and sample size. (e) What treatment do you propose to do if a fully annealed steel is still too hard for processing (e.g. forging)? Plot the microstructure after such a treatment, marking any dimension that is important.arrow_forward
- 5. What is the role of austenitic gram size in martensitic transformations? Is austenitic grain size is important to the strength of martensite? What other factors are important to the strength and toughness in technological hardened steels?arrow_forwardUse the following TTT Diagram for the following questions: 800 A 1400 -Eutectoid temperature 700 1200 600 1000 500 800 400 600 300 Mistart) 200 50% 400 M+A M(50%) M(90%) 100 200 10-1 10 102 103 10 105 Time (s) Temperature ("C) Termperature (°F)arrow_forwardThe Fe – Au solid – liquid T – xB phase diagram can be viewed as the intersection of asolid – phase miscibility gap with a solid – liquid phase – transition loop having aminimum at xAu = 0.8. The miscibility gap intersects the phase transition loop at xAu =0.1 and at xAu = 0.3. Fe has a higher melting point than Au. Sketch the phase diagramand label all the areas.arrow_forward
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