Concept explainers
Encoding variability in software. At the 2012 Gulf Petrochemicals and Chemicals Association (GPCA) Forum, Oregon State University software engineers presented a paper on modeling and implementing variation in computer software. The researchers employed the compositional choice calculus (CCC) — a formal language for representing, generating, and organizing variation in tree-structured artifacts. The CCC language was compared to two other coding languages— the annotative choice calculus (ACC) and the computational feature algebra (CFA). Their research revealed the following: Any type of expression (e.g., plain expressions, dimension declarations, or lambda abstractions) found in either ACC or CFA can be found in CCC; plain expressions exist in both ACC and CFA; dimension declarations exist in ACC, but not CFA; lambda abstractions exist in CFA, but not ACC. Based on this information, draw a Venn diagram that illustrates the relationships among the three languages. (Hint: An expression represents a sample point in the Venn diagram.)
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Statistics for Business and Economics (13th Edition)
- DATAFile: Overbooking Allegiant Airlines is considering an overbooking policy for one of its flights. The airplane has 50 seats, but Allegiant is considering accepting more reservations than seats because sometimes passengers do not show up for their flights, resulting in empty seats. The PassengerAppearance worksheet in the file Overbooking contains data on 1,000 passengers showing whether or not they showed up for their respective flights. In addition, Allegiant has conducted a field experiment to gauge the demand for reservations for the current flight. During this experiment, they did not limit the number of reservations for the flight to observe the uncensored demand. The following table summarizes the result of the field experiment. No. of Reservations Demanded Probability 48 0.05 49 0.05 50 0.15 51 0.30 52 0.25 53 0.10 54 0.10 Suppose Allegiant receives a marginal profit of $102 for each passenger who books a reservation (regardless of whether they show up). In addition, suppose…arrow_forwardConsumer Preferences. In 2018, consumer goods giant Procter and Gamble (P&G) had more than 20 brands with more than $1 billion in annual sales (P&G website). How does a company like P&G create so many successful consumer products? P&G effectively invests in research and development to understand what consumers want. One method used to determine consumer preferences is called conjoint analysis. Conjoint analysis allows a company to ascertain the utility that a respondent in the conjoint study places on a design of a given product. The higher the utility, the more valuable a respondent finds the design. Suppose we have conducted a conjoint study and have the following estimated utilities (higher is preferred) for each of three different designs for a new whitening toothpaste. At the .05 level of significance, test for any significant differences.a. Use the Excel data analysis tool to perform the required test.b. What are the null and alternative hypothesis?c. What is the…arrow_forwardGive an example of a refinement in mathematical modeling with contextual explanation.arrow_forward
- Otitis media, or middle ear infection, is initially treated with an antibiotic. Researchers have compared two antibiotics, A and B, for their cost effectiveness. A is inexpensive, safe, and effective. B is also safe. However, it is considerably more expensive and it is generally more effective. Use the tree diagram to the right (where the costs are estimated as the total cost of medication, office visit, ear check, and hours of lost work) to answer the following. a. Find the expected cost of using each antibiotic to treat a middle ear infection. A tree diagram has a root that splits into 2 branches labeled A and B. Primary branch A splits into 2 secondary branches labeled 0.80 Cure 59.30 dollars and 0.20 No cure 96.15 dollars. Primary branch B splits into two secondary branches labeled 0.90 Cure 69.15 dollars and 0.10 No cure 106.00 dollars.0.800.200.900.10 b. To minimize the total expected cost, which antibiotic should be chosen? a. The expected cost of…arrow_forwardOtitis media, or middle ear infection, is initially treated with an antibiotic. Researchers have compared two antibiotics, A and B, for their cost effectiveness. A is inexpensive, safe, and effective. B is also safe. However, it is considerably more expensive and it is generally more effective. Use the tree diagram to the right (where the costs are estimated as the total cost of medication, office visit, ear check, and hours of lost work) to answer the following. a. Find the expected cost of using each antibiotic to treat a middle ear infection. b. To minimize the total expected cost, which antibiotic should be chosen? a. The expected cost of using antibiotic A is S (Round to the nearest cent as needed.) D w an example Get more help ww O Search e ( *** O 19 'C Clear all 0.70 Cure $59.30 A 0.30 No cure $96.15 0.85, Care $69.15 B 0.15 No cure $106.00 Check answer 2:17 PM 12/15/2022arrow_forwardOtitis media, or middle ear infection, is initially treated with an antibiotic. Researchers have compared two antibiotics, A and B, for their cost effectiveness. A is inexpensive, safe, and effective. B is also safe. However, it is considerably more expensive and it is generally more effective. Use the tree diagram to the right (where the costs are estimated as the total cost of medication, office visit, ear check, and hours of lost work) to answer the following. a. Find the expected cost of using each antibiotic to treat a middle ear infection. 0.75 , Cure $59.30 A 0.25 No cure $96.15 0.85, Cure $69.15 No cure $106.00 0.15 b. To minimize the total expected cost, which antibiotic should be chosen? a. The expected cost of using antibiotic A is $ (Round to the nearest cent as needed.)arrow_forward
- Explain and give the examples for types of relationships used in Precedence Diagramming Method (PDM).arrow_forwardHealthy Sleep Duration. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) define a healthy sleep duration to be at least seven hours per day. The CDC reports that the percentage of people who report a healthy sleep duration varies by marital status. The CDC also reports that in 2018, 67% of those who are married report a healthy sleep duration; 62% of those who have never been married report a healthy sleep duration; and 56% of those who are divorced, widowed, or separated report a healthy sleep duration. The file SleepHabits contains sample data on the sleeping habits of people who have never been married that are consistent with the CDC’s findings. Use these data to answer the following questions. Develop a point estimate and a 95% confidence interval for the proportion of those who have never been married who report a healthy sleep duration. Develop a point estimate and a 95% confidence interval for the mean number of hours of sleep for those who have never been married. For…arrow_forwardWhat is meant by strategic mapping, and why is this technique especially useful in healthcare strategic planning?arrow_forward
- Some analysts complain that spreadsheet models are difficult to resize. You can be the judge of this. Suppose the current product mix problem is changed so that there is an extra resource, packaging labor hours, and two additional PC models, 9 and 10. What additional input data are required? What modifications are necessary in the spreadsheet model (including range name changes)? Make up values for any extra required input data and incorporate these into a modified spreadsheet model. Then optimize with Solver. Do you conclude that it is easy to resize a spreadsheet model? (By the way, it turns out that algebraic models are typically much easier to resize.)arrow_forwardAs you read about each study, (a) classify the type of research that it reflects, and (b) identify the kinds of conclusions that might reasonably be drawn from the results. At the beginning of the school year, fifth graders in two different classes at two different schools are, on average, quite similar in their knowledge and skills in mathematics. In the first 2 weeks of the year, they use a computer software program that teaches them how to add, subtract, multiply, and divide fractions. Students progress at their own pace through the program, tackling many practice problems and getting immediate feedback about their solutions. Students in one class use Version A of the program, in which they get feedback about all of their responses. Students in the other class use Version B, in which they get feedback about only half of their responses. The students who use Version A learn how to work with fractions more quickly than do students who use Version B. (a) Classify the…arrow_forwardA study investigated the relationship between audit delay and variables that describe the client and the auditor. The file Audit contains data from a sample of 40 companies on the following set of variables: Delay: The length of time from a company's fiscal year-end to the date of the auditor's report. Industry: A dummy variable coded 1 if the firm was an industrial company or 0 if the firm was a bank, savings and loan, or insurance company. Public: A dummy variable coded 1 if the company was traded on an organized exchange or over the counter; otherwise coded 0. Quality: A measure of overall quality of internal controls, as judged by the auditor, on a five-point scale ranging from "virtually none" (1) to "excellent" (5). Finished: A measure ranging from 1 to 4, as judged by the auditor, where 1 indicates "all work performed subsequent to year-end" and indicates 4 "most work performed prior to year-end." Click on the datafile logo to reference the data. Consider a model in which…arrow_forward
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