Introduction to General, Organic and Biochemistry
12th Edition
ISBN: 9780357391594
Author: Frederick A. Bettelheim; William H. Brown; Mary K. Campbell
Publisher: Cengage Learning US
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Question
Chapter 3, Problem 53P
Interpretation Introduction
Interpretation:
To explain the reason why oxygen has two bonds and two unshared pair of electrons in covalent compounds.
Concept Introduction:
A covalent bond is formed by sharing of same number of electrons between two atoms to complete their octet. Atoms taking part in covalent bond formation may share one, two or three electron pairs thus forming single, double and triple bond respectively.
Lewis structure of a molecule can be determined as-
- 1. Calculate the total number of valence electrons.(T.V.E. = a).
Sum up all the electrons of all atoms present in the molecule.
If the molecule is an anion, add the same number of electrons as the charge present on the ion.
If it is a cation, subtract the same number of electrons as the charge present on the ion.
2. Calculate the total number of electrons required for each atom to have a complete octet or doublet for hydrogen (b).
3. Therefore number of bonds formed =
4. Remaining electrons are called as lone pairs.
5. Assign formal charges to atoms.
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Chapter 3 Solutions
Introduction to General, Organic and Biochemistry
Ch. 3.1 - Problem 3-1 Show how the following chemical...Ch. 3.3 - Problem 3-2 Judging from their relative positions...Ch. 3.4 - Problem 3-3 Write the formulas for the ionic...Ch. 3.5 - Problem 3-4 Name these binary ionic compounds: (a)...Ch. 3.5 - Prob. 3.5QCCh. 3.5 - Problem 3-6 Give each binary compound a systematic...Ch. 3.5 - Problem 3-7 Name these ionic compounds, each of...Ch. 3.6 - Prob. 3.8QCCh. 3.6 - Prob. 3.9QCCh. 3.6 - Prob. 3.10QC
Ch. 3.6 - Prob. 3.11QCCh. 3.7 - Prob. 3.12QCCh. 3.8 - Prob. 3.13QCCh. 3.8 - Prob. 3.14QCCh. 3.9 - Problem 3-15 Predict all bond angles for these...Ch. 3.10 - Problem 3-16 Which of these molecules are polar?...Ch. 3 - 3-17 Answer true or false. (a) The octet rule...Ch. 3 - 3-18 How many electrons must each atom gain or...Ch. 3 - 3-19 Show how each chemical change obeys the octet...Ch. 3 - 3-20 Show how each chemical change obeys the octet...Ch. 3 - 3-21 Write the formula for the most stable ion...Ch. 3 - 3-22 Why is Li- not a stable ion?Ch. 3 - 3-23 Predict which ions are stable: (a) (b) (c)...Ch. 3 - 3-24 Predict which ions are stable: (a) Br2- (b)...Ch. 3 - 3-25 Why are carbon and silicon reluctant to form...Ch. 3 - 3-26 Table 3-2 shows the following ions of copper:...Ch. 3 - 3-27 Answer true or false. (a) For Group lA and...Ch. 3 - 3-28 Name each polyatomic ion. (a) HCO3- (b) NO2-...Ch. 3 - 3-29 Answer true or false. (a) According to the...Ch. 3 - Prob. 14PCh. 3 - 3-31 Why does electronegativity generally increase...Ch. 3 - 3-32 Judging from their relative positions in the...Ch. 3 - Prob. 17PCh. 3 - 3-34 Which of these bonds is the most polar? The...Ch. 3 - 3-35 Classify each bond as nonpolar covalent,...Ch. 3 - 3-36 Classify each bond as nonpolar covalent,...Ch. 3 - 3-37 Answer true or false. (a) An ionic bond is...Ch. 3 - 3-38 Complete the chart by writing formulas for...Ch. 3 - 3-39 Write a formula for the ionic compound formed...Ch. 3 - Prob. 24PCh. 3 - 3-41 Describe the structure of sodium chloride in...Ch. 3 - 3-42 What is the charge on each ion in these...Ch. 3 - 3-43 Write the formula for the compound formed...Ch. 3 - 3-44 Write the formula for the ionic compound...Ch. 3 - 3-45 Which formulas are not correct? For each that...Ch. 3 - 3-46 Which formulas are not correct? For each that...Ch. 3 - 3-47 Answer true or false. (a) The name of a...Ch. 3 - 3-48 Potassium chloride and potassium bicarbonate...Ch. 3 - Prob. 33PCh. 3 - 3-50 Name the polyatomic ion(s) in each compound....Ch. 3 - 3-51 Write the formulas for the ions present in...Ch. 3 - Prob. 36PCh. 3 - 3-53 Write formulas for the following ionic...Ch. 3 - 3-54 Write formulas for the following ionic...Ch. 3 - Prob. 39PCh. 3 - 3-56 How many covalent bonds are normally formed...Ch. 3 - 3-57 What is: (a) A single bond? (b) A double...Ch. 3 - 3-58 In Section 2-3B, we saw that there are seven...Ch. 3 - Prob. 43PCh. 3 - Prob. 44PCh. 3 - Prob. 45PCh. 3 - Prob. 46PCh. 3 - 3-63 What is the difference between (a) a bromine...Ch. 3 - 3-64 Acetylene (C2H2), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), and...Ch. 3 - Prob. 49PCh. 3 - 3-66 Why can’t second-row elements have more than...Ch. 3 - 3-67 Why does nitrogen have three bonds and one...Ch. 3 - 3-68 Draw a Lewis structure of a covalent compound...Ch. 3 - Prob. 53PCh. 3 - 3-70 Draw a Lewis structure of a covalent compound...Ch. 3 - Prob. 55PCh. 3 - Prob. 56PCh. 3 - Prob. 57PCh. 3 - 3-74 Answer true or false. (a) A binary covalent...Ch. 3 - Prob. 59PCh. 3 - Prob. 60PCh. 3 - 3-77 Ozone, O3, is an unstable blue gas with a...Ch. 3 - 3-78 Nitrous oxide, N20, laughing gas, is a...Ch. 3 - 3-79 Answer true or false. (a) The letters VSEPR...Ch. 3 - Prob. 64PCh. 3 - Prob. 65PCh. 3 - 3-82 Hydrogen and nitrogen combine in different...Ch. 3 - Prob. 67PCh. 3 - Prob. 68PCh. 3 - Prob. 69PCh. 3 - Prob. 70PCh. 3 - 3-87 Consider the molecule boron trffluoride, BF3....Ch. 3 - Prob. 72PCh. 3 - 3-89 Is it possible for a molecule to have no...Ch. 3 - Prob. 74PCh. 3 - Prob. 75PCh. 3 - Prob. 76PCh. 3 - Prob. 77PCh. 3 - Prob. 78PCh. 3 - Prob. 79PCh. 3 - Prob. 80PCh. 3 - Prob. 81PCh. 3 - Prob. 82PCh. 3 - 3-99 Knowing what you do about covalent bonding in...Ch. 3 - Prob. 84PCh. 3 - Prob. 85PCh. 3 - Prob. 86PCh. 3 - Prob. 87PCh. 3 - Prob. 88PCh. 3 - 3-105 Consider the structure of Vitamin E shown...Ch. 3 - 3-106 Consider the structure of Penicillin G shown...Ch. 3 - 3-107 Ephedrine, a molecule at one time found in...Ch. 3 - Prob. 92PCh. 3 - 3-109 Until several years ago, the two...Ch. 3 - 3-110 Name and write the formula for the fluorine...Ch. 3 - Prob. 95PCh. 3 - Prob. 96PCh. 3 - Prob. 97PCh. 3 - Prob. 98PCh. 3 - Prob. 99PCh. 3 - Prob. 100PCh. 3 - Prob. 101PCh. 3 - Prob. 102PCh. 3 - 3-119 Perchloroethylene, which is a liquid at room...Ch. 3 - 3-120 Vinyl chloride is the starting material for...Ch. 3 - 3-121 Tetrafluoroethylene is the starting material...Ch. 3 - 3-122 Some of the following structural formulas...Ch. 3 - 3-123 Sodium borohydride, NaBH4, has found wide...Ch. 3 - Prob. 108PCh. 3 - Prob. 109PCh. 3 - Prob. 110PCh. 3 - Prob. 111PCh. 3 - Prob. 112PCh. 3 - Consider the structure of Fluoxetine (or Prozac)...Ch. 3 - Consider the structure of lipoic acid shown below,...Ch. 3 - Prob. 115P
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