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A large number of seeds are observed, and their initial launch angles are recorded. The range of projection angles is found to be −51° to 75°, with a mean of 31°. Approximately 65% of the seeds arc launched between 6° and 56°. (See W. J. Garrison et al, “Ballistic seed projection in two herbaceous species,” Amer. J. Bot., Sept. 2000, 87:9, 1257–64.) Which of these hypotheses is best supported by the data? Seeds are preferentially launched
(a) at angles that maximize the height they travel above the plant; (b) at angles below the horizontal in order to drive the seeds into the ground with more force; (c) at angles that maximize the horizontal distance the seeds travel from the plant; (d) at angles that minimize the time the seeds spend exposed to the air.
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