Chapter 3, Problem 3.18P

3-18 How many electrons must each atom gain or lose to acquire an electron configuration identical to the noble gas nearest to it in atomic number?

(a) Li

(b) Cl

(c) P

(d) Al

(e) Sr

(f) S

(g) Si

(h) O

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The number of electrons which must be gain or lose by $\text{L}\text{i}$ to acquire an electronic configuration identical to the neat noble gas should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Octet rule: generally all atoms will lose, gain or share electrons to attain 8 valence electrons; the electronic configuration of the nearest noble element.

Duet rule: generally some atoms like hydrogen, lithium, beryllium will lose, gain or share electrons to attain 2 valence electrons; the electronic configuration of the nearest noble element like helium.

Answer to Problem 3.18P

$\text{L}\text{i}$ will lose 1 electron.

Explanation of Solution

The atomic number or number of electrons of $\text{L}\text{i}$ is 3, the electronic configuration of $\text{L}\text{i}$ is as follows:

$\begin{array}{l}\text{L}\text{i}-3:\\ 1s^{2}2s^1\end{array}$

$\text{L}\text{i}$ will lose 1 electrons to attain 2 valence electrons; the electronic configuration of the nearest noble element helium as follows:

$\begin{array}{l}\text{l}{\text{i}}^{+}-2:\\ 1s^2\\ [\text{H}\text{e}]\end{array}$

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The number of electrons which must be gain or lose by $\text{C}\text{l}$ to acquire an electronic configuration identical to the neat noble gas should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Octet rule: generally all atoms will lose, gain or share electrons to attain 8 valence electrons; the electronic configuration of the nearest noble element.

Duet rule: generally some atoms like hydrogen, lithium, beryllium will lose, gain or share electrons to attain 2 valence electrons; the electronic configuration of the nearest noble element like helium.

Answer to Problem 3.18P

$\text{C}\text{l}$ will gain 1 electron.

Explanation of Solution

The atomic number or number of electrons of $\text{C}\text{l}$ is 17, the electronic configuration of $\text{C}\text{l}$ is as follows:

$\begin{array}{l}\text{C}\text{l}-17:\\ 1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^5\end{array}$

$\text{C}\text{l}$ will gain 1 electrons to attain 8 valence electrons; the electronic configuration of the nearest noble element argon as follows:

$\begin{array}{l}\text{C}{\text{l}}^{-}-18:\\ 1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^6\\ [\text{a}r]\end{array}$

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The number of electrons which must be gain or lose by $P$ to acquire an electronic configuration identical to the neat noble gas should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Octet rule: generally all atoms will lose, gain or share electrons to attain 8 valence electrons; the electronic configuration of the nearest noble element.

Duet rule: generally some atoms like hydrogen, lithium, beryllium will lose, gain or share electrons to attain 2 valence electrons; the electronic configuration of the nearest noble element like helium.

Answer to Problem 3.18P

$P$ will gain 3 electron.

Explanation of Solution

The atomic number or number of electrons of $P$ is 15, the electronic configuration of $P$ is as follows:

$\begin{array}{l}P-15:\\ 1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^3\end{array}$

$P$ will gain 3 electrons to attain 8 valence electrons; the electronic configuration of the nearest noble element argon as follows:

$\begin{array}{l}{P}^{3-}-18:\\ 1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^6\\ [\text{a}r]\end{array}$

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The number of electrons which must be gain or lose by $\text{a}\text{l}$ to acquire an electronic configuration identical to the neat noble gas should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Octet rule: generally all atoms will lose, gain or share electrons to attain 8 valence electrons; the electronic configuration of the nearest noble element.

Duet rule: generally some atoms like hydrogen, lithium, beryllium will lose, gain or share electrons to attain 2 valence electrons; the electronic configuration of the nearest noble element like helium.

Answer to Problem 3.18P

$\text{a}\text{l}$ will lose 3 electron.

Explanation of Solution

The atomic number or number of electrons of $\text{a}\text{l}$ is 13, the electronic configuration of $\text{a}\text{l}$ is as follows:

$\begin{array}{l}\text{a}\text{l}-13:\\ 1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^1\end{array}$

$\text{a}\text{l}$ will lose 3 electrons to attain 8 valence electrons; the electronic configuration of the nearest noble element neon as follows:

$\begin{array}{l}\text{a}{\text{l}}^{3+}-10:\\ 1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^6\\ [N\text{e}]\end{array}$

Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The number of electrons which must be gain or lose by $Sr$ to acquire an electronic configuration identical to the neat noble gas should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Octet rule: generally all atoms will lose, gain or share electrons to attain 8 valence electrons; the electronic configuration of the nearest noble element.

Duet rule: generally some atoms like hydrogen, lithium, beryllium will lose, gain or share electrons to attain 2 valence electrons; the electronic configuration of the nearest noble element like helium.

Answer to Problem 3.18P

$Sr$ will lose 2 electrons.

Explanation of Solution

The atomic number or number of electrons of $Sr$ is 38, the electronic configuration of $Sr$ is as follows:

$\begin{array}{l}Sr-38:\\ 1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{6}3d^{10}4s^2\end{array}$

$Sr$ will lose 2 electrons to attain 8 valence electrons; the electronic configuration of the nearest noble element krypton as follows:

$\begin{array}{l}S{r}^{2+}-36:\\ 1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{6}3d^{10}4s^0\\ [Kr]\end{array}$

Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The number of electrons which must be gain or lose by $S$ to acquire an electronic configuration identical to the neat noble gas should be determined.

Determine the number of elections which must gain or lose to acquire an electronic configuration identical to the neat noble gas.

Concept Introduction:

Octet rule: generally all atoms will lose, gain or share electrons to attain 8 valence electrons; the electronic configuration of the nearest noble element.

Duet rule: generally some atoms like hydrogen, lithium, beryllium will lose, gain or share electrons to attain 2 valence electrons; the electronic configuration of the nearest noble element like helium.

Answer to Problem 3.18P

$S$ will gain 2 electrons.

Explanation of Solution

The atomic number or number of electrons of $S$ is 16, the electronic configuration of $S$ is as follows:

$\begin{array}{l}S-16:\\ 1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^4\end{array}$

$S$ will gain 2 electrons to attain 8 valence electrons; the electronic configuration of the nearest noble element argon as follows:

$\begin{array}{l}{S}^{2-}-18:\\ 1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^6\\ [\text{a}r]\end{array}$

Interpretation Introduction

(g)

.

Interpretation:

The number of electrons which must be gain or lose by $S\text{i}$ to acquire an electronic configuration identical to the neat noble gas should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Octet rule: generally all atoms will lose, gain or share electrons to attain 8 valence electrons; the electronic configuration of the nearest noble element.

Duet rule: generally some atoms like hydrogen, lithium, beryllium will lose, gain or share electrons to attain 2 valence electrons; the electronic configuration of the nearest noble element like helium.

Answer to Problem 3.18P

$S\text{i}$ will lose 4 electrons.

Explanation of Solution

The atomic number or number of electrons of $S\text{i}$ is 14, the electronic configuration of $S\text{i}$ is as follows:

$\begin{array}{l}S\text{i}-14:\\ 1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^2\end{array}$

$S\text{i}$ will lose 4 electrons to attain 8 valence electrons; the electronic configuration of the nearest noble element neon as follows:

$\begin{array}{l}S{\text{i}}^{4+}-10:\\ 1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^6\\ [N\text{e}]\end{array}$

Interpretation Introduction

(h)

Interpretation:

The number of electrons which must be gain or lose by $\text{O}$ to acquire an electronic configuration identical to the neat noble gas should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Octet rule: generally all atoms will lose, gain or share electrons to attain 8 valence electrons; the electronic configuration of the nearest noble element.

Duet rule: generally some atoms like hydrogen, lithium, beryllium will lose, gain or share electrons to attain 2 valence electrons; the electronic configuration of the nearest noble element like helium.

Answer to Problem 3.18P

$\text{O}$ will gain 2 electrons.

Explanation of Solution

The atomic number or number of electrons of $\text{O}$ is 8, the electronic configuration of $\text{O}$ is as follows:

$\begin{array}{l}\text{O}-8:\\ 1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^4\end{array}$

$\text{O}$ will gain 2 electrons to attain 8 valence electrons; the electronic configuration of the nearest noble element Neon as follows:

$\begin{array}{l}{\text{O}}^{2-}-10:\\ 1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^6\\ [N\text{e}]\end{array}$