Chapter 3, Problem 3.12EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The mass number of atom that has 4 protons, 4 electrons, and 5 neutrons has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Atomic number for each and every element is a unique one.  This is the total number of protons that is present in an atom.  As the atom is electrically neutral, it can also be said that the total number of electrons is the atomic number.  Atomic number is represented by the symbol Z.

$\text{Atomic number}\text{=}\text{number of protons}\text{=}\text{number of electrons}$

Mass number is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons inside the nucleus of an atom.  This gives the number of subatomic particle present inside the nucleus.  Mass number is represented by the symbol A.

$\text{Mass number}\text{=}\text{number of protons}\text{+}\text{number of neutrons}$

From atomic number and mass number, the number of each sub atomic particle can be found.

$\begin{array}{l}\text{Number of protons}\text{=}\text{Atomic number}\text{=}Z\\ \text{Number of electrons}\text{=}\text{Atomic number}\text{=}Z\\ \text{Number of neutrons}\text{=}\text{Mass}\text{number - Atomic number}\text{=}A-Z\end{array}$

Complete chemical symbol notation can be given as.

An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken by ordinary chemical reactions into simpler substances.  All the atoms in an element will have the same atomic number.  The electrons only take part in the chemical reaction while the nucleus does not.  Hence, the atomic number (number or protons) does not change and it characterizes an atom.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The mass number of atom that has 8 electrons, 8 neutrons, and 8 protons has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Atomic number for each and every element is a unique one.  This is the total number of protons that is present in an atom.  As the atom is electrically neutral, it can also be said that the total number of electrons is the atomic number.  Atomic number is represented by the symbol Z.

$\text{Atomic number}\text{=}\text{number of protons}\text{=}\text{number of electrons}$

Mass number is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons inside the nucleus of an atom.  This gives the number of subatomic particle present inside the nucleus.  Mass number is represented by the symbol A.

$\text{Mass number}\text{=}\text{number of protons}\text{+}\text{number of neutrons}$

From atomic number and mass number, the number of each sub atomic particle can be found.

$\begin{array}{l}\text{Number of protons}\text{=}\text{Atomic number}\text{=}Z\\ \text{Number of electrons}\text{=}\text{Atomic number}\text{=}Z\\ \text{Number of neutrons}\text{=}\text{Mass}\text{number - Atomic number}\text{=}A-Z\end{array}$

Complete chemical symbol notation can be given as.

An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken by ordinary chemical reactions into simpler substances.  All the atoms in an element will have the same atomic number.  The electrons only take part in the chemical reaction while the nucleus does not.  Hence, the atomic number (number or protons) does not change and it characterizes an atom.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The mass number of atom that has 15 protons, 16 neutrons and 15 electrons has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Atomic number for each and every element is a unique one.  This is the total number of protons that is present in an atom.  As the atom is electrically neutral, it can also be said that the total number of electrons is the atomic number.  Atomic number is represented by the symbol Z.

$\text{Atomic number}\text{=}\text{number of protons}\text{=}\text{number of electrons}$

Mass number is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons inside the nucleus of an atom.  This gives the number of subatomic particle present inside the nucleus.  Mass number is represented by the symbol A.

$\text{Mass number}\text{=}\text{number of protons}\text{+}\text{number of neutrons}$

From atomic number and mass number, the number of each sub atomic particle can be found.

$\begin{array}{l}\text{Number of protons}\text{=}\text{Atomic number}\text{=}Z\\ \text{Number of electrons}\text{=}\text{Atomic number}\text{=}Z\\ \text{Number of neutrons}\text{=}\text{Mass}\text{number - Atomic number}\text{=}A-Z\end{array}$

Complete chemical symbol notation can be given as.

An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken by ordinary chemical reactions into simpler substances.  All the atoms in an element will have the same atomic number.  The electrons only take part in the chemical reaction while the nucleus does not.  Hence, the atomic number (number or protons) does not change and it characterizes an atom.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The mass number of atom that has 22 neutrons, 18 electrons, and 18 protons has to be given.

Concept Introduction:

Atomic number for each and every element is a unique one.  This is the total number of protons that is present in an atom.  As the atom is electrically neutral, it can also be said that the total number of electrons is the atomic number.  Atomic number is represented by the symbol Z.

$\text{Atomic number}\text{=}\text{number of protons}\text{=}\text{number of electrons}$

Mass number is the sum of the number of protons and neutrons inside the nucleus of an atom.  This gives the number of subatomic particle present inside the nucleus.  Mass number is represented by the symbol A.

$\text{Mass number}\text{=}\text{number of protons}\text{+}\text{number of neutrons}$

From atomic number and mass number, the number of each sub atomic particle can be found.

$\begin{array}{l}\text{Number of protons}\text{=}\text{Atomic number}\text{=}Z\\ \text{Number of electrons}\text{=}\text{Atomic number}\text{=}Z\\ \text{Number of neutrons}\text{=}\text{Mass}\text{number - Atomic number}\text{=}A-Z\end{array}$

Complete chemical symbol notation can be given as.

An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken by ordinary chemical reactions into simpler substances.  All the atoms in an element will have the same atomic number.  The electrons only take part in the chemical reaction while the nucleus does not.  Hence, the atomic number (number or protons) does not change and it characterizes an atom.