Chapter 3, Problem 3.98EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The element that is highlighted in yellow in the periodic table is present in p area or d area has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Periodic law states that if the elements are arranged in increasing order of atomic number, then the elements with similar chemical properties occur at regular intervals or periodic intervals.  The elements are arranged in a periodic table in which the arrangement was based on the atomic number of the elements and the elements that have similar chemical properties are positioned in vertical columns.

Location of an element in a periodic table can be given by the period number and the group number.  The horizontal row in a periodic table where the elements are present is known as Period.  The vertical column in a periodic table where the elements are present is known as Group.

Chemical properties of the elements repeat themselves at regular intervals because of the electronic configuration.  The elements that are present in a Group have similar chemical properties.  This is because the outer-shell electronic configuration will be the same.

The periodic table has all the elements that can be distinguished based on the outer-shell electron.  If the outer-shell electron is present in s subshell, then the elements are present in s area of periodic table.  If the outer-shell electron is present in p subshell, then the elements are present in p area of periodic table.  If the outer-shell electron is present in d subshell, then the elements are present in d area of periodic table.  If the outer-shell electron is present in f subshell, then the elements are present in f area of periodic table.

Distinguishing electron is the one that is the last electron added to the electronic configuration of an element when the electron subshells are filled in the order of increasing energy.  This distinguishing electron determines the area of the element in the periodic table.  This is because this only causes the element electronic configuration to differ from other elements.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The element that is highlighted in blue in the periodic table is present in s area or d area has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Periodic law states that if the elements are arranged in increasing order of atomic number, then the elements with similar chemical properties occur at regular intervals or periodic intervals.  The elements are arranged in a periodic table in which the arrangement was based on the atomic number of the elements and the elements that have similar chemical properties are positioned in vertical columns.

Location of an element in a periodic table can be given by the period number and the group number.  The horizontal row in a periodic table where the elements are present is known as Period.  The vertical column in a periodic table where the elements are present is known as Group.

Chemical properties of the elements repeat themselves at regular intervals because of the electronic configuration.  The elements that are present in a Group have similar chemical properties.  This is because the outer-shell electronic configuration will be the same.

The periodic table has all the elements that can be distinguished based on the outer-shell electron.  If the outer-shell electron is present in s subshell, then the elements are present in s area of periodic table.  If the outer-shell electron is present in p subshell, then the elements are present in p area of periodic table.  If the outer-shell electron is present in d subshell, then the elements are present in d area of periodic table.  If the outer-shell electron is present in f subshell, then the elements are present in f area of periodic table.

Distinguishing electron is the one that is the last electron added to the electronic configuration of an element when the electron subshells are filled in the order of increasing energy.  This distinguishing electron determines the area of the element in the periodic table.  This is because this only causes the element electronic configuration to differ from other elements.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The element that is highlighted in red in the periodic table is a $s^2$ or a $d^2$ element has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Periodic law states that if the elements are arranged in increasing order of atomic number, then the elements with similar chemical properties occur at regular intervals or periodic intervals.  The elements are arranged in a periodic table in which the arrangement was based on the atomic number of the elements and the elements that have similar chemical properties are positioned in vertical columns.

Location of an element in a periodic table can be given by the period number and the group number.  The horizontal row in a periodic table where the elements are present is known as Period.  The vertical column in a periodic table where the elements are present is known as Group.

Chemical properties of the elements repeat themselves at regular intervals because of the electronic configuration.  The elements that are present in a Group have similar chemical properties.  This is because the outer-shell electronic configuration will be the same.

The periodic table has all the elements that can be distinguished based on the outer-shell electron.  If the outer-shell electron is present in s subshell, then the elements are present in s area of periodic table.  If the outer-shell electron is present in p subshell, then the elements are present in p area of periodic table.  If the outer-shell electron is present in d subshell, then the elements are present in d area of periodic table.  If the outer-shell electron is present in f subshell, then the elements are present in f area of periodic table.

Distinguishing electron is the one that is the last electron added to the electronic configuration of an element when the electron subshells are filled in the order of increasing energy.  This distinguishing electron determines the area of the element in the periodic table.  This is because this only causes the element electronic configuration to differ from other elements.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The element that is highlighted in green in the periodic table is a $d^6$ or a $d^8$ element has to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Periodic law states that if the elements are arranged in increasing order of atomic number, then the elements with similar chemical properties occur at regular intervals or periodic intervals.  The elements are arranged in a periodic table in which the arrangement was based on the atomic number of the elements and the elements that have similar chemical properties are positioned in vertical columns.

Location of an element in a periodic table can be given by the period number and the group number.  The horizontal row in a periodic table where the elements are present is known as Period.  The vertical column in a periodic table where the elements are present is known as Group.

Chemical properties of the elements repeat themselves at regular intervals because of the electronic configuration.  The elements that are present in a Group have similar chemical properties.  This is because the outer-shell electronic configuration will be the same.

The periodic table has all the elements that can be distinguished based on the outer-shell electron.  If the outer-shell electron is present in s subshell, then the elements are present in s area of periodic table.  If the outer-shell electron is present in p subshell, then the elements are present in p area of periodic table.  If the outer-shell electron is present in d subshell, then the elements are present in d area of periodic table.  If the outer-shell electron is present in f subshell, then the elements are present in f area of periodic table.

Distinguishing electron is the one that is the last electron added to the electronic configuration of an element when the electron subshells are filled in the order of increasing energy.  This distinguishing electron determines the area of the element in the periodic table.  This is because this only causes the element electronic configuration to differ from other elements.