Microbiology: An Introduction
12th Edition
ISBN: 9780321929150
Author: Gerard J. Tortora, Berdell R. Funke, Christine L. Case
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 3, Problem 2R
Summary Introduction
Introduction:
Microscopes are generally used to magnify microorganisms and other smaller objects. In order to visualize microorganisms, the right kind of microscope has to be used. The choice can be made based on their size as well as the nature of the specimen.
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Answer the following questions:
Why are most cells so small?
Why cell size is limited?
List two instances when the coarse adjustment knob is never used
Why is immersion oil used with the 100X objective?
List two common problems associated with using the microscope and how you would go about solving it.
When should the lenses be cleaned? What is the correct way to clean them?
A student missed the laboratory period where the use of the microscope was demonstrated. The instructor asked the student to read the description in the laboratory manual and then proceed to examine bacterial cells with the oil immersion lens. The student skimmed the directions and began. After about 15 minutes of struggling, the student gave up in despair without seeing anything. Below is a detailed description of what the student did. How many mistakes did the student make and why didn’t the student see anything?
a. Plugged in the microscope and turned the light source to maximum intensity.
Made a wet mount and placed it on the stage with the low-power objective lens in position.
Tried to focus with the coarse adjustment, but decided the bacteria were too small and needed to be seen with the high-power objective lens.
Rotated the high-power objective lens into position, but saw the lens would likely touch the slide, so lowered the stage so that the objective lens rotated freely.…
Which of the following microscopy
techniques can be used in live cell imaging
in a live animal.
1. Structured illumination microscopy
2. Stimulated emission depletion
microscopy
3. Photoactivated localization microscopy
4. Two-photon excitation microscopy
5. Total internal reflection microscopy
6. Light-sheet microscopy
O4 and 6
O2, 3 and 6
O1 and 4
3 and 5
O2 and 4
Chapter 3 Solutions
Microbiology: An Introduction
Ch. 3 - Fill in the following blanks. 1. 1 m = ________ m...Ch. 3 - Prob. 2RCh. 3 - Prob. 3RCh. 3 - Prob. 4RCh. 3 - Prob. 5RCh. 3 - Why is a mordant used in the Gram stain? In the...Ch. 3 - Prob. 7RCh. 3 - Prob. 8RCh. 3 - Fill in the following table regarding the Gram...Ch. 3 - NAME IT A sputum sample from Calle, a 30-year-old...
Ch. 3 - Through the microscope, the green structures are...Ch. 3 - Prob. 2MCQCh. 3 - Carbolfuchsin can be used as a simple stain and a...Ch. 3 - Prob. 4MCQCh. 3 - Which of the following is not a functionally...Ch. 3 - Which of the following pairs is mismatched? 1....Ch. 3 - Assume you stain Clostridium by applying a basic...Ch. 3 - Prob. 8MCQCh. 3 - In 1996, scientists described a new tapeworm...Ch. 3 - Prob. 10MCQCh. 3 - Prob. 1ACh. 3 - Prob. 2ACh. 3 - Why isnt the Gram stain used on acid-fast...Ch. 3 - Endospores can be seen as refractile structures in...Ch. 3 - In 1882, German bacteriologist Paul Erhlich...Ch. 3 - Laboratory diagnosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae...Ch. 3 - Assume that you are viewing a Gram-stained sample...
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- Describe in detail all the steps needed to determine whether an Unknown bacteria has a Gram-positive or Gram-negative cell wall using the Gram stain. (You can describe the method presented in the Exercise 3-6 Gram stain videos or in the Lab Manual.) 1. Start by describing the method of transferring the bacteria onto the microscope slide, then describe heat-fixing the emulsion of the Unknown bacteria. (Do not describe all the steps needed to perform aseptic technique. Just say “Bacteria was added aseptically.”) 2. Describe the Gram stain in detail. (This description should include all the stains, how long the stain should set on slide, and Genus and species names of bacteria you are using as CONTROLS.)arrow_forwardWhich parts of the modern microscope do you think were absent from Leeuwenhoek’s microscope? Why is it necessary to calibrate the ocular micrometer with each objective? When measuring dimensions of microorganisms, what slide preparation should be used and why? Complete the following for each objective in your microscope: _____ Ocular micrometer divisions = _________ stage micrometer divisions _____ Ocular micrometer divisions = _________1 stage micrometer division = _____mm Microscopic Measurements 1 Arrange the following items by using numbers (smallest) to 8 (largest). ______ AIDS virus ______ rickettsia ______ worm ______ white blood cell (WBC) ______ amoeba ______ protein ______ staphylococci…arrow_forwardAssume you are observing the diatom pictured in Figure 1 using the 10X lens in a compound light microscope. You move to the 40X lens and then again to the 100X lens by only rotating the turret (remember that the lenses are parfocal), without making any other adjustments to the microscope. c) After making your adjustments, you notice that the midline of the diatom is in focus while the remainder is blurry. Explain, based on microscopy principles, why this has occurred Provide a description of the procedure to prepare an acidic stain of bacteria using Nigrosin as it would appear in the Methods section.arrow_forward
- The above photograph (IMAGE ATTACHED) of a cheek smear was obtained using the high-power objective of a compound microscope. What is the size of the circled cheek cell in millimeters AND nanometers?arrow_forwardWhat are the differences and similarities between Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Please explain in detail.arrow_forwardList two ways that a stereoscopic dissecting microscope differs from a compound microscopearrow_forward
- Pick the best form of microscopy to use in each situation, each answer used only once: You want to figure out if a bacterium can ✓ [Choose ] swim in a liquid medium You want to visualize the repeating crystalline structure of the S-layer You want to identify the basic cell wall structure of an unknown bacterium You want to watch proteins of the divisome to see how they change their location in dividing cells You want to visualize a single membrane protein complex on the surface of a cell Atomic Force Microscopy Phase-contrast microscopy Light microscopy (with staining) Fluorescence microscopy Electron microscopy [Choose] [Choose] [Choose ]arrow_forwardThe magnification possible with any type of microscope is an important property, but its resolution, the ability to distinguish between two very closely apposed objects, is even more critical. Describe why the resolving power of a microscope is more important for seeing finer details than its magnification.arrow_forwardwhat type of microscope would you use to distinguish between white cells that are characterized by the color of their granules. Why?arrow_forward
- Which of the following microscopes produce flat images by utilizing light in the non-visual spectrum to excite molecules within the specimens to produce visual light? (select all answers that apply) Phase Contrast Microscope Darkfield Microscope Fluorescent Microscope Brightfield Microscope Electron Microscope Confocal Microscopearrow_forwardWhy is methylene blue used to stain cells? What does it bind to? Which type of microscopy should you use to visualize cells stained with methylene blue?arrow_forwardJanet is doing a Gram stain on a mixed culture that is known to contain both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. After finishing, she realizes she mixed up the safranin and alcohol steps. What is likely to be observed when she views the slide under the microscope? All cells will appear purple, regardless of whether they are actually Gram negative or Gram positive. All cells will appear pink, regardless of whether they are actually Gram negative or Gram positive. Gram negative cells will be clear, Gram positive cells will be purple. Gram positive cells will be clear, Gram negative cells will be pink. Cells will appear clear, regardless of whether they are actually Gram negative or Gram positive.arrow_forward
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