Campbell Biology In Focus, Loose-leaf Edition (3rd Edition)
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9780134895727
Author: Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 3, Problem 12TYU
Summary Introduction
To justify:
Whether comparing the amino acid sequences of 2 living species would show the same degree of divergence.
Concept introduction:
Every function (dynamic) of a living organism depends on proteins. Approximately more than 50% of the dry mass of most of the cells is proteins. Proteins are biologically functional molecules that are comprised of 1 or more than 1 polypeptide, which are formed of the amino acid sequences.
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Molecular Biology
Cytochrome c is a protein found in mitochondria. It is used in the study of evolutionary relationships because
most animals have this protein. Cytochrome c is made of 104 amino acids joined together.
Below is a list of the amino acids in part of a cytochrome protein molecule for 9 different animals. Any
sequences exactly the same for all animals have been skipped.
For each non-human animal, take a highlighter and mark any amino acids that are different than the human
sequence. When you finish, record how many differences you found in the table on the next page.
42
43
44
46
47
49
50
53
54
55
56
57
Human
A
Y
S
T.
А
K
N
G
Chicken
Q
A
E
S
T.
K
K
G
Horse
A
P
D
K
N
K
G
Tuna
Q
E
F
Frog
A
А
S
D
K
N
K
G
Shark
A
Q
T.
D
K
S
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A
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G
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66
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The total number of possible amino acid sequences in a polypeptide chain is staggering. Given that there are 20 amino acids, potentially there could be20100 different amino acid sequences just for polypeptides only 100 amino acids in length. However, the actual number of different polypeptides occurring in organisms is only a tiny fraction of this potential. What insight does this finding provide into the evolutionary process?
Chapter 3 Solutions
Campbell Biology In Focus, Loose-leaf Edition (3rd Edition)
Ch. 3.1 - How are gasoline and fat chemically similar?Ch. 3.1 - Which molecules in Figure 3.4a re isomers? For...Ch. 3.1 - Prob. 3CCCh. 3.1 - Prob. 4CCCh. 3.2 - How many molecules of water are needed to...Ch. 3.2 - WHAT IF? Suppose you eat a serving of fish. What...Ch. 3.3 - Write the formula for a monosaccharide that has...Ch. 3.3 - A dehydration reaction joins two glucose molecules...Ch. 3.3 - WHAT IF? After a cow is given antibiotics to treat...Ch. 3.4 - Compare the structure of a fat (triglyceride) with...
Ch. 3.4 - Why are human sex hormones considered lipids?Ch. 3.4 - Prob. 3CCCh. 3.5 - Why does a denatured protein no longer function...Ch. 3.5 - What parts of a polypeptide participate in the...Ch. 3.5 - WHAT IF? Where would you expect a polypeptide...Ch. 3.6 - DRAW IT Go to Figure 3.27a and, for the top three...Ch. 3.6 - Prob. 2CCCh. 3.7 - How would sequencing the entire genome of an...Ch. 3.7 - Given the function of DNA, why would you expect...Ch. 3 - Which functional group is not present in this...Ch. 3 - MAKE CONNECTIONS Which chemical group is most...Ch. 3 - Prob. 3TYUCh. 3 - Which of the following statements concerning...Ch. 3 - Prob. 5TYUCh. 3 - The structural level of a protein least a fleeted...Ch. 3 - Enzymes that break down DNA catalyze the...Ch. 3 - Prob. 8TYUCh. 3 - The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What...Ch. 3 - Construct a table that organizes the following...Ch. 3 - Prob. 11TYUCh. 3 - Prob. 12TYUCh. 3 - FOCUS ON ORGANIZATION Proteins, which have diverse...Ch. 3 - Prob. 14TYUCh. 3 - SYNTHESIZE YOUR KNOWLEDGE Given that the function...
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Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- When comparing similarities among multiple protein structures, which of the following is false? None of the above statements are false. Proteins with the same function from different species are likely to be more similar in sequence than in structure. Proteins with the same function from a different species are likely to have similar motifs. Proteins with the same motifs are likely to perform similar functions. An effective protein motif is likely be observed in multiple proteins. O O O O Oarrow_forwardWhich of the following statments are correct about protein evolution (select all that apply)? A. Most proteins only contain one structural domain B. Most naturally occurring mutations in a protein domain will substantially disrupt the structure C. Many individual doamins contain specialized functions that may be swapped between proteins D. It is the cummulative effects of mutations in a domain that lead to new structures and functions. E. Only mixing and matching of domains allow proteins to create new structuresarrow_forwardThe RNA World theory states that RNA preceded DNA as the primary information-storing molecule, and life on early earth consisted entirely of RNA molecules. Which of the following provides the most direct support for this theory? A B с D The ribose sugar on the RNA nucleotide contains a hydroxyl group that increases its chemical stability. RNA molecules do not usually form a complementary double helix and therefore require less biomolecular resources to synthesize. RNA molecules consist of only four nucleotides, making their synthesis and replication relatively simple. The chemical versatility of RNA molecules allows them to store information as well as to fold into different functional shapes.arrow_forward
- Could you please write a brief explanation about "Protein Evolution - Primary Structures of Proteins Reveal Evolutionary Relationships" please?arrow_forwardProteins, the building blocks of life, have several functions in the human body and all the operations depend upon the structural specificity which can be explained by the lock and key hypothesis. Expand the ideaarrow_forwardAmino acid sequences can be compared to determine relationships between species. When comparing the sequences provided, which organism are humans most closely related to? * Sequence of Amino Acids in the Same Part of the Hemoglobin Molecules Species Lys-Glu-His-Iso Arg-Lys-His-Lys Lys-Glu-His-Lys Lys-Glu-His-Iso Human Horse Gorilla Chimpanzee Zebra Arg-Lys-His-Arg Gorilla Horse O no answer Chimpanzee O Zebraarrow_forward
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- It is becoming possible for molecular biologists to synthesizealmost any protein desired. Suppose you use a phylogenetic treeof modern-day enzymes (e.g., Figure 2.21B) to predict the aminoacid sequence of a now-nonexistent ancestral enzyme form.What insights might you obtain by synthesizing the ancestralenzyme protein?arrow_forwardThese are (necessarily) present in nucleotides, but NOT in nucleosides. These are present in RNA molecules that have secondary structure, but absent in RNAS that lack it. 1. Hydrogen bonds 2. N-glycosidic bonds These account for the "base stacking" interactions that help to stabilize DNA 3. Phosphodiester bonds structure. 4. Phosphoester bonds These are transiently broken and then reformed 5. Van der Waals forces by topoisomerases. These are (necessarily) present in BOTH nucleosides and nucleotides. >arrow_forward1. We saw how evolution has led to the existence of protein families composed of related molecules with similar functions. A few examples are also known where proteins with very similar functions have primary and tertiary structures that show no evidence of evolutionary relationship. Subtilisin and trypsin, for example, are two protein-digesting enzymes (proteases) that show no evidence they are homologous despite the fact that they utilize the same mechanism for attacking their substrates. How can this coincidence be explained? 2. Would you agree with the statement that many different amino acid sequences can fold into the same basic tertiary structure? What data can you cite as evidence for your position. 3. In the words of one scientist: “The first question any structural biologist asks upon being told that a new [protein] structure has been solved is no longer ‘What does it look like?; it is now What does it look like?’” What do you suppose he meant by this statement?arrow_forward
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