Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781305389892
Author: Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 28, Problem 1ITD
Summary Introduction

To review:

Biologists have long accepted the hypothesis that plastids originate by the endosymbiosis of a cyanobacterium during evolutions. It later forms primary photosynthetic eukaryotes. Until recently, there was no molecular evidence to support this assumption. If the assumption is correct, a phylogenetic tree based on molecular data should support the hypothesis that all primary photosynthetic eukaryotes have a common ancestor.

A group of scientists sequenced the amino acid in 143 proteins encoded by the nuclear genes of primary photosynthetic groups. They later compared the trees to see where the overlap occurred and generated a summary tree. Whether the figure supports or contradicts the hypothesis that a single endosymbiosis event correlated with the evolution of organisms containing plastids is to be discussed.

Introduction:

Symbiosis is also called the endosymbiotic theory. When a eukaryotic organism takes in prokaryotic cell organelles like mitochondria and plastids through endosymbiosis, they evolve and become a part of the host eukaryotic organism. This leads to the formation of plastids, which are believed to have originated from the endosymbiosis of photosynthetic cyanobacteria, later giving rise to primary photosynthetic eukaryotes.

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Giardia is a protozoan parasite that lacks mitochondria. Based on the figure below, what could be the explanation for this. Explain your reasoning.
Except for the Plantae, what best describes the origin of chloroplasts in most other eukaryotes? Group of answer choices Chloroplasts evolved independently in different lineages Primary endosymbiosis An amoeboid protist engulfed another protist that had chloroplasts in its tissues Mitochondria were converted to perform photosynthetic functions Eukaryotes outside the Plantae don’t have chloroplasts
Which of the following observations constitutes evidence that mitochondria evolved before chloroplasts?     Mitochondria are aerobic. Chloroplasts are photosynthetic.     Aerobic bacteria evolved before photosynthetic bacteria (cyanobacteria).     Some protists have separately evolved their own plastids (chloroplast-like structures) through endosymbiosis of cyanobacteria, or even through endosymbiosis of photosynthetic protists.     All Eukaryotes have mitochondria; only a subset of Eukaryotes have chloroplasts.
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Endosymbiotic Theory; Author: Amoeba Sisters;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FGnS-Xk0ZqU;License: Standard Youtube License