Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The lipogenesis C4-ACP monoacid intermediate counterpart for the citric acid cycle C4-diacid intermediate succinate has to be determined.
Concept introduction:
Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. This process is the reverse of the degradation of fatty acid.
The Citric acid cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that use acetyl CoA (produced by oxidation of pyruvate) to produce carbon dioxide, NADH and FADH2 in a series of
(a)
Answer to Problem 25.106EP
The lipogenesis C4-ACP monoacid intermediate counterpart for the citric acid cycle C4-diacid intermediate succinate is butyrate.
Explanation of Solution
Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the citric acid cycle is a C4 derivative of dicarboxylic acid. The structure of succinic acid is,
Intermediates involved in the lipogenesis are derivatives of C4 molecule butyric acid. Butyric acid is a monocarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the lipogenesis is a C4 derivative of monocarboxylic acid. The structure of butyric acid is,
The structure of succinate is,
The structure of butyrate is,
Butyrate and succinate are saturated acid with four carbon atoms in each molecule. butyrate is a monoacid formed as intermediate in lipogenesis while succinate is a diacid formed as intermediate in the citric acid cycle. Therefore, the lipogenesis C4-ACP monoacid intermediate counterpart for the citric acid cycle C4-diacid intermediate succinate is butyrate.
(b)
Interpretation:
The lipogenesis C4-ACP monoacid intermediate counterpart for the citric acid cycle C4-diacid intermediate malate has to be determined.
Concept introduction:
Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. This process is the reverse of the degradation of fatty acid.
The Citric acid cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that use acetyl CoA (produced by oxidation of pyruvate) to produce carbon dioxide, NADH and FADH2 in a series of redox reactions.
Intermediates involved in the lipogenesis are derivative of C4 molecule butyric acid. Butyric acid is a monocarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the lipogenesis is a C4 derivative of monocarboxylic acid. The structure of butyric acid is,
Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the citric acid cycle is a
(b)
Answer to Problem 25.106EP
The lipogenesis C4-ACP monoacid intermediate counterpart for the citric acid cycle C4-diacid intermediate malate is β-hydroxybutyrate.
Explanation of Solution
Malate is the intermediate in the citric acid cycle. The structure of malate is,
β-Hydroxybutyrate is the intermediate in the lipogenesis. The structure of β-hydroxybutyrate is,
Malate and β-hydroxybutyrate are the hydroxy derivatives of saturated acid with four carbon atoms in each molecule. Malate is a hydroxy derivative of dicarboxylic acid that is formed as the intermediate in the citric acid cycle whileβ-hydroxybutyrate is a hydroxy derivative of monocarboxylic acid that is formed as the intermediate in the lipogenesis. The lipogenesis C4-ACP monoacid intermediate counterpart for the citric acid cycle C4-diacid intermediate malate is β-hydroxybutyrate.
(c)
Interpretation:
The lipogenesis C4-ACP monoacid intermediate counterpart for the citric acid cycle C4-diacid intermediate oxaloacetate has to be determined.
Concept introduction:
Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. This process is the reverse of the degradation of fatty acid.
The Citric acid cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that use acetyl CoA (produced by oxidation of pyruvate) to produce carbon dioxide, NADH and FADH2 in a series of redox reactions.
Intermediates involved in the lipogenesis are derivatives of C4 molecule butyric acid. Butyric acid is a monocarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the lipogenesis is a C4 derivative of monocarboxylic acid. The structure of butyric acid is,
Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the citric acid cycle is a C4 derivative of dicarboxylic acid. The structure of succinic acid is,
(c)
Answer to Problem 25.106EP
The lipogenesis C4-ACP monoacid intermediate counterpart for the citric acid cycle C4-diacid intermediate oxaloacetate is acetoacetate.
Explanation of Solution
Oxaloacetate is the intermediate in the citric acid cycle. The structure of oxaloacetate is,
Acetoacetate is the intermediate in the lipogenesis. The structure of acetoacetate is,
Oxaloacetate and acetoacetate are the keto derivatives of saturated acid with four carbon atoms in each molecule. Oxaloacetate is a keto derivative of dicarboxylic acid that is formed as the intermediate in the citric acid cycle while acetoacetate is a keto derivative of monocarboxylic acid that is formed as the intermediate in the lipogenesis. Therefore, the lipogenesis C4-ACP monoacid intermediate counterpart for the citric acid cycle C4-diacid intermediate oxaloacetate is acetoacetate.
(d)
Interpretation:
The lipogenesis C4-ACP monoacid intermediate counterpart for the citric acid cycle C4-diacid intermediate fumarate has to be determined.
Concept introduction:
Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. This process is the reverse of the degradation of fatty acid.
The Citric acid cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that use acetyl CoA (produced by oxidation of pyruvate) to produce carbon dioxide, NADH and FADH2 in a series of redox reactions.
Intermediates involved in the lipogenesis are derivatives of C4 molecule butyric acid. Butyric acid is a monocarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the lipogenesis is a C4 derivative of monocarboxylic acid. The structure of butyric acid is,
Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the citric acid cycle is a C4 derivative of dicarboxylic acid. The structure of succinic acid is,
(d)
Answer to Problem 25.106EP
The lipogenesis C4-ACP monoacid intermediate counterpart for the citric acid cycle C4-diacid intermediate fumarate is crotonate.
Explanation of Solution
Fumarate is the intermediate in the citric acid cycle. The structure of fumarate is,
Crotonate is the intermediate in the lipogenesis. The structure of crotonate is,
Fumarate and crotonate are the unsaturated derivatives of the
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 25 Solutions
GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP
- Please draw the structure in the box that is consistent with all the spectral data and alphabetically label all of the equivalent protons in the structure (Ha, Hb, Hc....) in order to assign all the proton NMR peaks. The integrations are computer generated and approximate the number of equivalent protons. Molecular formula: C13H1802 14 13 12 11 10 11 (ppm) Structure with assigned H peaks 2.08 3.13arrow_forwardA 0.10 M solution of acetic acid (CH3COOH, Ka = 1.8 x 10^-5) is titrated with a 0.0250 M solution of magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2). If 10.0 mL of the acid solution is titrated with 10.0 mL of the base solution, what is the pH of the resulting solution?arrow_forwardFirefly luciferin exhibits three rings. Identify which of the rings are aromatic. Identify which lone pairs are involved in establishing aromaticity. The lone pairs are labeled A-D below.arrow_forward
- A 0.10 M solution of acetic acid (CH3COOH, Ka = 1.8 x 10^-5) is titrated with a 0.0250 M solution of magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2). If 10.0 mL of the acid solution is titrated with 10.0 mL of the base solution, what is the pH of the resulting solution?arrow_forwardGiven a complex reaction with rate equation v = k1[A] + k2[A]2, what is the overall reaction order?arrow_forwardPlease draw the structure in the box that is consistent with all the spectral data and alphabetically label all of the equivalent protons in the structure (Ha, Hb, Hc....) in order to assign all the proton NMR peaks. The integrations are computer generated and approximate the number of equivalent protons. Molecular formula: C13H1802 14 13 12 11 10 11 (ppm) Structure with assigned H peaks 2.08 3.13arrow_forward
- CHEMICAL KINETICS. One of the approximation methods for solving the rate equation is the steady-state approximation method. Explain what it consists of.arrow_forwardCHEMICAL KINETICS. One of the approximation methods for solving the rate equation is the limiting or determining step approximation method. Explain what it consists of.arrow_forwardCHEMICAL KINETICS. Indicate the approximation methods for solving the rate equation.arrow_forward
- TRANSMITTANCE เบบ Please identify the one structure below that is consistent with the 'H NMR and IR spectra shown and draw its complete structure in the box below with the protons alphabetically labeled as shown in the NMR spectrum and label the IR bands, including sp³C-H and sp2C-H stretch, indicated by the arrows. D 4000 OH LOH H₂C CH3 OH H₂C OCH3 CH3 OH 3000 2000 1500 HAVENUMBERI-11 1000 LOCH3 Draw your structure below and label its equivalent protons according to the peak labeling that is used in the NMR spectrum in order to assign the peaks. Integrals indicate number of equivalent protons. Splitting patterns are: s=singlet, d=doublet, m-multiplet 8 3Hb s m 1Hd s 3Hf m 2Hcd 2Had 1He 鄙视 m 7 7 6 5 4 3 22 500 T 1 0arrow_forwardRelative Transmittance 0.995 0.99 0.985 0.98 Please draw the structure that is consistent with all the spectral data below in the box and alphabetically label the equivalent protons in the structure (Ha, Hb, Hc ....) in order to assign all the proton NMR peaks. Label the absorption bands in the IR spectrum indicated by the arrows. INFRARED SPECTRUM 1 0.975 3000 2000 Wavenumber (cm-1) 1000 Structure with assigned H peaks 1 3 180 160 140 120 100 f1 (ppm) 80 60 40 20 0 C-13 NMR note that there are 4 peaks between 120-140ppm Integral values equal the number of equivalent protons 10.0 9.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 fl (ppm)arrow_forwardCalculate the pH of 0.0025 M phenol.arrow_forward
General, Organic, and Biological ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781285853918Author:H. Stephen StokerPublisher:Cengage Learning
Organic And Biological ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305081079Author:STOKER, H. Stephen (howard Stephen)Publisher:Cengage Learning,
Introduction to General, Organic and BiochemistryChemistryISBN:9781285869759Author:Frederick A. Bettelheim, William H. Brown, Mary K. Campbell, Shawn O. Farrell, Omar TorresPublisher:Cengage Learning
Chemistry for Today: General, Organic, and Bioche...ChemistryISBN:9781305960060Author:Spencer L. Seager, Michael R. Slabaugh, Maren S. HansenPublisher:Cengage Learning