The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C 4 -ACP monoacid intermediate butyrate has to be determined. Concept introduction: Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. This process is the reverse of the degradation of fatty acid. The Citric acid cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that use acetyl CoA (produced by oxidation of pyruvate) to produce carbon dioxide, NADH and FADH 2 in a series of redox reactions.

Question

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid intermediate butyrate has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. This process is the reverse of the degradation of fatty acid.

The Citric acid cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that use acetyl CoA (produced by oxidation of pyruvate) to produce carbon dioxide, NADH and FADH₂ in a series of redox reactions.

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 25.105EP

The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid butyrate intermediate is succinate.

Explanation of Solution

Intermediates involved in the lipogenesis are derivative of C₄ molecule butyric acid. Butyric acid is a monocarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the lipogenesis is a C₄ derivative of monocarboxylic acid. The structure of butyric acid is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 1

Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the citric acid cycle is a C4 derivative of dicarboxylic acid. The structure of succinic acid is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 2

The structure of butyrate is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 3

The structure of succinate is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 4

Butyrate and succinate are saturated acids with four carbon atoms in each molecule. Butyrate is a monoacid that is formed as an intermediate in lipogenesis while succinate is a diacid that is formed as an intermediate in the citric acid cycle. Therefore, the citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid butyrate intermediate is succinate.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid intermediate acetoacetate has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. This process is the reverse of the degradation of fatty acid.

The Citric acid cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that use acetyl CoA (produced by oxidation of pyruvate) to produce carbon dioxide, NADH and FADH₂ in a series of redox reactions.

Intermediates involved in the lipogenesis are derivatives of C₄ molecule butyric acid. Butyric acid is a monocarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the lipogenesis is a C₄ derivative of monocarboxylic acid. The structure of butyric acid is,

Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the citric acid cycle is a C₄ derivative of dicarboxylic acid. The structure of succinic acid is,

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 25.105EP

The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid acetoacetate intermediate is oxaloacetate.

Explanation of Solution

Acetoacetate is the intermediate in the lipogenesis. The structure of acetoacetate is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 7

Oxaloacetate is the intermediate in the citric acid cycle. The structure of oxaloacetate is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 8

Acetoacetate and oxaloacetate are the keto derivatives of saturated acid with four carbon atoms in each molecule. Acetoacetate is a keto derivative of monocarboxylic acid while oxaloacetate is a keto derivative of dicarboxylic acid. Therefore, the citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid acetoacetate intermediate is oxaloacetate.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid intermediate β-hydroxybutyrate has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. This process is the reverse of the degradation of fatty acid.

The Citric acid cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that use acetyl CoA (produced by oxidation of pyruvate) to produce carbon dioxide, NADH and FADH₂ in a series of redox reactions.

Intermediates involved in the lipogenesis are derivatives of C₄ molecule butyric acid. Butyric acid is a monocarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the lipogenesis is a C₄ derivative of monocarboxylic acid. The structure of butyric acid is,

Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the citric acid cycle is a C₄ derivative of dicarboxylic acid. The structure of succinic acid is,

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 25.105EP

The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid β-hydroxybutyrate intermediate is malate.

Explanation of Solution

β-Hydroxybutyrate is the intermediate in the lipogenesis. The structure of β-hydroxybutyrate is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 11

Malate is the intermediate in the citric acid cycle. The structure of Malate is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 12

β-Hydroxybutyrate and malate are the hydroxy derivatives of saturated acid with four carbon atoms in each molecule. β-Hydroxybutyrate is a hydroxy derivative of monocarboxylic acid while malate is a hydroxy derivative of dicarboxylic acid. Therefore, the citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid β-hydroxybutyrate intermediate is malate.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid intermediate crotonate has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. This process is the reverse of the degradation of fatty acid.

The Citric acid cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that use acetyl CoA (produced by oxidation of pyruvate) to produce carbon dioxide, NADH and FADH₂ in a series of redox reactions.

Intermediates involved in the lipogenesis are derivatives of C₄ molecule butyric acid. Butyric acid is a monocarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the lipogenesis is a C₄ derivative of monocarboxylic acid. The structure of butyric acid is,

Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the citric acid cycle is a C₄ derivative of dicarboxylic acid. The structure of succinic acid is,

(d)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 25.105EP

The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid crotonate intermediate is fumarate.

Explanation of Solution

Crotonate is the intermediate in the lipogenesis. The structure of crotonate is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 15

Fumarate is the intermediate in the citric acid cycle. The structure of fumarate is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 16

Crotonate and fumarate are the unsaturated derivatives of a carboxylic acid with four carbon atoms in each molecule. Crotonate is an unsaturated derivative of monocarboxylic acid while fumarate is an unsaturated derivative of dicarboxylic acid. Therefore, the citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid crotonate intermediate is fumarate.

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid intermediate butyrate has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. This process is the reverse of the degradation of fatty acid.

The Citric acid cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that use acetyl CoA (produced by oxidation of pyruvate) to produce carbon dioxide, NADH and FADH₂ in a series of redox reactions.

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 25.105EP

The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid butyrate intermediate is succinate.

Explanation of Solution

Intermediates involved in the lipogenesis are derivative of C₄ molecule butyric acid. Butyric acid is a monocarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the lipogenesis is a C₄ derivative of monocarboxylic acid. The structure of butyric acid is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 1

Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the citric acid cycle is a C4 derivative of dicarboxylic acid. The structure of succinic acid is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 2

The structure of butyrate is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 3

The structure of succinate is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 4

Butyrate and succinate are saturated acids with four carbon atoms in each molecule. Butyrate is a monoacid that is formed as an intermediate in lipogenesis while succinate is a diacid that is formed as an intermediate in the citric acid cycle. Therefore, the citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid butyrate intermediate is succinate.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid intermediate acetoacetate has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. This process is the reverse of the degradation of fatty acid.

The Citric acid cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that use acetyl CoA (produced by oxidation of pyruvate) to produce carbon dioxide, NADH and FADH₂ in a series of redox reactions.

Intermediates involved in the lipogenesis are derivatives of C₄ molecule butyric acid. Butyric acid is a monocarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the lipogenesis is a C₄ derivative of monocarboxylic acid. The structure of butyric acid is,

Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the citric acid cycle is a C₄ derivative of dicarboxylic acid. The structure of succinic acid is,

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 25.105EP

The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid acetoacetate intermediate is oxaloacetate.

Explanation of Solution

Acetoacetate is the intermediate in the lipogenesis. The structure of acetoacetate is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 7

Oxaloacetate is the intermediate in the citric acid cycle. The structure of oxaloacetate is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 8

Acetoacetate and oxaloacetate are the keto derivatives of saturated acid with four carbon atoms in each molecule. Acetoacetate is a keto derivative of monocarboxylic acid while oxaloacetate is a keto derivative of dicarboxylic acid. Therefore, the citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid acetoacetate intermediate is oxaloacetate.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid intermediate β-hydroxybutyrate has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. This process is the reverse of the degradation of fatty acid.

The Citric acid cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that use acetyl CoA (produced by oxidation of pyruvate) to produce carbon dioxide, NADH and FADH₂ in a series of redox reactions.

Intermediates involved in the lipogenesis are derivatives of C₄ molecule butyric acid. Butyric acid is a monocarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the lipogenesis is a C₄ derivative of monocarboxylic acid. The structure of butyric acid is,

Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the citric acid cycle is a C₄ derivative of dicarboxylic acid. The structure of succinic acid is,

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 25.105EP

The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid β-hydroxybutyrate intermediate is malate.

Explanation of Solution

β-Hydroxybutyrate is the intermediate in the lipogenesis. The structure of β-hydroxybutyrate is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 11

Malate is the intermediate in the citric acid cycle. The structure of Malate is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 12

β-Hydroxybutyrate and malate are the hydroxy derivatives of saturated acid with four carbon atoms in each molecule. β-Hydroxybutyrate is a hydroxy derivative of monocarboxylic acid while malate is a hydroxy derivative of dicarboxylic acid. Therefore, the citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid β-hydroxybutyrate intermediate is malate.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid intermediate crotonate has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. This process is the reverse of the degradation of fatty acid.

The Citric acid cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that use acetyl CoA (produced by oxidation of pyruvate) to produce carbon dioxide, NADH and FADH₂ in a series of redox reactions.

Intermediates involved in the lipogenesis are derivatives of C₄ molecule butyric acid. Butyric acid is a monocarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the lipogenesis is a C₄ derivative of monocarboxylic acid. The structure of butyric acid is,

Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the citric acid cycle is a C₄ derivative of dicarboxylic acid. The structure of succinic acid is,

(d)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 25.105EP

The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid crotonate intermediate is fumarate.

Explanation of Solution

Crotonate is the intermediate in the lipogenesis. The structure of crotonate is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 15

Fumarate is the intermediate in the citric acid cycle. The structure of fumarate is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 16

Crotonate and fumarate are the unsaturated derivatives of a carboxylic acid with four carbon atoms in each molecule. Crotonate is an unsaturated derivative of monocarboxylic acid while fumarate is an unsaturated derivative of dicarboxylic acid. Therefore, the citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid crotonate intermediate is fumarate.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid intermediate butyrate has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. This process is the reverse of the degradation of fatty acid.

The Citric acid cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that use acetyl CoA (produced by oxidation of pyruvate) to produce carbon dioxide, NADH and FADH₂ in a series of redox reactions.

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 25.105EP

The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid butyrate intermediate is succinate.

Explanation of Solution

Intermediates involved in the lipogenesis are derivative of C₄ molecule butyric acid. Butyric acid is a monocarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the lipogenesis is a C₄ derivative of monocarboxylic acid. The structure of butyric acid is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 1

Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the citric acid cycle is a C4 derivative of dicarboxylic acid. The structure of succinic acid is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 2

The structure of butyrate is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 3

The structure of succinate is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 4

Butyrate and succinate are saturated acids with four carbon atoms in each molecule. Butyrate is a monoacid that is formed as an intermediate in lipogenesis while succinate is a diacid that is formed as an intermediate in the citric acid cycle. Therefore, the citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid butyrate intermediate is succinate.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid intermediate acetoacetate has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. This process is the reverse of the degradation of fatty acid.

The Citric acid cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that use acetyl CoA (produced by oxidation of pyruvate) to produce carbon dioxide, NADH and FADH₂ in a series of redox reactions.

Intermediates involved in the lipogenesis are derivatives of C₄ molecule butyric acid. Butyric acid is a monocarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the lipogenesis is a C₄ derivative of monocarboxylic acid. The structure of butyric acid is,

Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the citric acid cycle is a C₄ derivative of dicarboxylic acid. The structure of succinic acid is,

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 25.105EP

The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid acetoacetate intermediate is oxaloacetate.

Explanation of Solution

Acetoacetate is the intermediate in the lipogenesis. The structure of acetoacetate is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 7

Oxaloacetate is the intermediate in the citric acid cycle. The structure of oxaloacetate is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 8

Acetoacetate and oxaloacetate are the keto derivatives of saturated acid with four carbon atoms in each molecule. Acetoacetate is a keto derivative of monocarboxylic acid while oxaloacetate is a keto derivative of dicarboxylic acid. Therefore, the citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid acetoacetate intermediate is oxaloacetate.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid intermediate β-hydroxybutyrate has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. This process is the reverse of the degradation of fatty acid.

The Citric acid cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that use acetyl CoA (produced by oxidation of pyruvate) to produce carbon dioxide, NADH and FADH₂ in a series of redox reactions.

Intermediates involved in the lipogenesis are derivatives of C₄ molecule butyric acid. Butyric acid is a monocarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the lipogenesis is a C₄ derivative of monocarboxylic acid. The structure of butyric acid is,

Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the citric acid cycle is a C₄ derivative of dicarboxylic acid. The structure of succinic acid is,

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 25.105EP

The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid β-hydroxybutyrate intermediate is malate.

Explanation of Solution

β-Hydroxybutyrate is the intermediate in the lipogenesis. The structure of β-hydroxybutyrate is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 11

Malate is the intermediate in the citric acid cycle. The structure of Malate is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 12

β-Hydroxybutyrate and malate are the hydroxy derivatives of saturated acid with four carbon atoms in each molecule. β-Hydroxybutyrate is a hydroxy derivative of monocarboxylic acid while malate is a hydroxy derivative of dicarboxylic acid. Therefore, the citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid β-hydroxybutyrate intermediate is malate.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid intermediate crotonate has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. This process is the reverse of the degradation of fatty acid.

The Citric acid cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that use acetyl CoA (produced by oxidation of pyruvate) to produce carbon dioxide, NADH and FADH₂ in a series of redox reactions.

Intermediates involved in the lipogenesis are derivatives of C₄ molecule butyric acid. Butyric acid is a monocarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the lipogenesis is a C₄ derivative of monocarboxylic acid. The structure of butyric acid is,

Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the citric acid cycle is a C₄ derivative of dicarboxylic acid. The structure of succinic acid is,

(d)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 25.105EP

The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid crotonate intermediate is fumarate.

Explanation of Solution

Crotonate is the intermediate in the lipogenesis. The structure of crotonate is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 15

Fumarate is the intermediate in the citric acid cycle. The structure of fumarate is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 16

Crotonate and fumarate are the unsaturated derivatives of a carboxylic acid with four carbon atoms in each molecule. Crotonate is an unsaturated derivative of monocarboxylic acid while fumarate is an unsaturated derivative of dicarboxylic acid. Therefore, the citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid crotonate intermediate is fumarate.

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Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 4

Question

Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid intermediate butyrate has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. This process is the reverse of the degradation of fatty acid.

The Citric acid cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that use acetyl CoA (produced by oxidation of pyruvate) to produce carbon dioxide, NADH and FADH₂ in a series of redox reactions.

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 25.105EP

The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid butyrate intermediate is succinate.

Explanation of Solution

Intermediates involved in the lipogenesis are derivative of C₄ molecule butyric acid. Butyric acid is a monocarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the lipogenesis is a C₄ derivative of monocarboxylic acid. The structure of butyric acid is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 1

Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the citric acid cycle is a C4 derivative of dicarboxylic acid. The structure of succinic acid is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 2

The structure of butyrate is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 3

The structure of succinate is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 4

Butyrate and succinate are saturated acids with four carbon atoms in each molecule. Butyrate is a monoacid that is formed as an intermediate in lipogenesis while succinate is a diacid that is formed as an intermediate in the citric acid cycle. Therefore, the citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid butyrate intermediate is succinate.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid intermediate acetoacetate has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. This process is the reverse of the degradation of fatty acid.

The Citric acid cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that use acetyl CoA (produced by oxidation of pyruvate) to produce carbon dioxide, NADH and FADH₂ in a series of redox reactions.

Intermediates involved in the lipogenesis are derivatives of C₄ molecule butyric acid. Butyric acid is a monocarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the lipogenesis is a C₄ derivative of monocarboxylic acid. The structure of butyric acid is,

Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the citric acid cycle is a C₄ derivative of dicarboxylic acid. The structure of succinic acid is,

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 25.105EP

The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid acetoacetate intermediate is oxaloacetate.

Explanation of Solution

Acetoacetate is the intermediate in the lipogenesis. The structure of acetoacetate is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 7

Oxaloacetate is the intermediate in the citric acid cycle. The structure of oxaloacetate is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 8

Acetoacetate and oxaloacetate are the keto derivatives of saturated acid with four carbon atoms in each molecule. Acetoacetate is a keto derivative of monocarboxylic acid while oxaloacetate is a keto derivative of dicarboxylic acid. Therefore, the citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid acetoacetate intermediate is oxaloacetate.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid intermediate β-hydroxybutyrate has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. This process is the reverse of the degradation of fatty acid.

The Citric acid cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that use acetyl CoA (produced by oxidation of pyruvate) to produce carbon dioxide, NADH and FADH₂ in a series of redox reactions.

Intermediates involved in the lipogenesis are derivatives of C₄ molecule butyric acid. Butyric acid is a monocarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the lipogenesis is a C₄ derivative of monocarboxylic acid. The structure of butyric acid is,

Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the citric acid cycle is a C₄ derivative of dicarboxylic acid. The structure of succinic acid is,

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 25.105EP

The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid β-hydroxybutyrate intermediate is malate.

Explanation of Solution

β-Hydroxybutyrate is the intermediate in the lipogenesis. The structure of β-hydroxybutyrate is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 11

Malate is the intermediate in the citric acid cycle. The structure of Malate is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 12

β-Hydroxybutyrate and malate are the hydroxy derivatives of saturated acid with four carbon atoms in each molecule. β-Hydroxybutyrate is a hydroxy derivative of monocarboxylic acid while malate is a hydroxy derivative of dicarboxylic acid. Therefore, the citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid β-hydroxybutyrate intermediate is malate.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid intermediate crotonate has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. This process is the reverse of the degradation of fatty acid.

The Citric acid cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that use acetyl CoA (produced by oxidation of pyruvate) to produce carbon dioxide, NADH and FADH₂ in a series of redox reactions.

Intermediates involved in the lipogenesis are derivatives of C₄ molecule butyric acid. Butyric acid is a monocarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the lipogenesis is a C₄ derivative of monocarboxylic acid. The structure of butyric acid is,

Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the citric acid cycle is a C₄ derivative of dicarboxylic acid. The structure of succinic acid is,

(d)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 25.105EP

The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid crotonate intermediate is fumarate.

Explanation of Solution

Crotonate is the intermediate in the lipogenesis. The structure of crotonate is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 15

Fumarate is the intermediate in the citric acid cycle. The structure of fumarate is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 16

Crotonate and fumarate are the unsaturated derivatives of a carboxylic acid with four carbon atoms in each molecule. Crotonate is an unsaturated derivative of monocarboxylic acid while fumarate is an unsaturated derivative of dicarboxylic acid. Therefore, the citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid crotonate intermediate is fumarate.

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Answer 5

Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid intermediate butyrate has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. This process is the reverse of the degradation of fatty acid.

The Citric acid cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that use acetyl CoA (produced by oxidation of pyruvate) to produce carbon dioxide, NADH and FADH₂ in a series of redox reactions.

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 25.105EP

The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid butyrate intermediate is succinate.

Explanation of Solution

Intermediates involved in the lipogenesis are derivative of C₄ molecule butyric acid. Butyric acid is a monocarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the lipogenesis is a C₄ derivative of monocarboxylic acid. The structure of butyric acid is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 1

Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the citric acid cycle is a C4 derivative of dicarboxylic acid. The structure of succinic acid is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 2

The structure of butyrate is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 3

The structure of succinate is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 4

Butyrate and succinate are saturated acids with four carbon atoms in each molecule. Butyrate is a monoacid that is formed as an intermediate in lipogenesis while succinate is a diacid that is formed as an intermediate in the citric acid cycle. Therefore, the citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid butyrate intermediate is succinate.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid intermediate acetoacetate has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. This process is the reverse of the degradation of fatty acid.

The Citric acid cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that use acetyl CoA (produced by oxidation of pyruvate) to produce carbon dioxide, NADH and FADH₂ in a series of redox reactions.

Intermediates involved in the lipogenesis are derivatives of C₄ molecule butyric acid. Butyric acid is a monocarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the lipogenesis is a C₄ derivative of monocarboxylic acid. The structure of butyric acid is,

Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the citric acid cycle is a C₄ derivative of dicarboxylic acid. The structure of succinic acid is,

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 25.105EP

The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid acetoacetate intermediate is oxaloacetate.

Explanation of Solution

Acetoacetate is the intermediate in the lipogenesis. The structure of acetoacetate is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 7

Oxaloacetate is the intermediate in the citric acid cycle. The structure of oxaloacetate is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 8

Acetoacetate and oxaloacetate are the keto derivatives of saturated acid with four carbon atoms in each molecule. Acetoacetate is a keto derivative of monocarboxylic acid while oxaloacetate is a keto derivative of dicarboxylic acid. Therefore, the citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid acetoacetate intermediate is oxaloacetate.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid intermediate β-hydroxybutyrate has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. This process is the reverse of the degradation of fatty acid.

The Citric acid cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that use acetyl CoA (produced by oxidation of pyruvate) to produce carbon dioxide, NADH and FADH₂ in a series of redox reactions.

Intermediates involved in the lipogenesis are derivatives of C₄ molecule butyric acid. Butyric acid is a monocarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the lipogenesis is a C₄ derivative of monocarboxylic acid. The structure of butyric acid is,

Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the citric acid cycle is a C₄ derivative of dicarboxylic acid. The structure of succinic acid is,

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 25.105EP

The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid β-hydroxybutyrate intermediate is malate.

Explanation of Solution

β-Hydroxybutyrate is the intermediate in the lipogenesis. The structure of β-hydroxybutyrate is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 11

Malate is the intermediate in the citric acid cycle. The structure of Malate is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 12

β-Hydroxybutyrate and malate are the hydroxy derivatives of saturated acid with four carbon atoms in each molecule. β-Hydroxybutyrate is a hydroxy derivative of monocarboxylic acid while malate is a hydroxy derivative of dicarboxylic acid. Therefore, the citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid β-hydroxybutyrate intermediate is malate.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid intermediate crotonate has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. This process is the reverse of the degradation of fatty acid.

The Citric acid cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that use acetyl CoA (produced by oxidation of pyruvate) to produce carbon dioxide, NADH and FADH₂ in a series of redox reactions.

Intermediates involved in the lipogenesis are derivatives of C₄ molecule butyric acid. Butyric acid is a monocarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the lipogenesis is a C₄ derivative of monocarboxylic acid. The structure of butyric acid is,

Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the citric acid cycle is a C₄ derivative of dicarboxylic acid. The structure of succinic acid is,

(d)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 25.105EP

The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid crotonate intermediate is fumarate.

Explanation of Solution

Crotonate is the intermediate in the lipogenesis. The structure of crotonate is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 15

Fumarate is the intermediate in the citric acid cycle. The structure of fumarate is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 16

Crotonate and fumarate are the unsaturated derivatives of a carboxylic acid with four carbon atoms in each molecule. Crotonate is an unsaturated derivative of monocarboxylic acid while fumarate is an unsaturated derivative of dicarboxylic acid. Therefore, the citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid crotonate intermediate is fumarate.

Answer 6

Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid intermediate butyrate has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. This process is the reverse of the degradation of fatty acid.

The Citric acid cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that use acetyl CoA (produced by oxidation of pyruvate) to produce carbon dioxide, NADH and FADH₂ in a series of redox reactions.

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 25.105EP

The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid butyrate intermediate is succinate.

Explanation of Solution

Intermediates involved in the lipogenesis are derivative of C₄ molecule butyric acid. Butyric acid is a monocarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the lipogenesis is a C₄ derivative of monocarboxylic acid. The structure of butyric acid is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 1

Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the citric acid cycle is a C4 derivative of dicarboxylic acid. The structure of succinic acid is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 2

The structure of butyrate is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 3

The structure of succinate is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 4

Butyrate and succinate are saturated acids with four carbon atoms in each molecule. Butyrate is a monoacid that is formed as an intermediate in lipogenesis while succinate is a diacid that is formed as an intermediate in the citric acid cycle. Therefore, the citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid butyrate intermediate is succinate.

Answer 7

Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid intermediate butyrate has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. This process is the reverse of the degradation of fatty acid.

The Citric acid cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that use acetyl CoA (produced by oxidation of pyruvate) to produce carbon dioxide, NADH and FADH₂ in a series of redox reactions.

Answer 8

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 25.105EP

The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid butyrate intermediate is succinate.

Answer 9

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer 10

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer 11

Expert Solution

Answer 12

Explanation of Solution

Intermediates involved in the lipogenesis are derivative of C₄ molecule butyric acid. Butyric acid is a monocarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the lipogenesis is a C₄ derivative of monocarboxylic acid. The structure of butyric acid is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 1

Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the citric acid cycle is a C4 derivative of dicarboxylic acid. The structure of succinic acid is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 2

The structure of butyrate is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 3

The structure of succinate is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 4

Butyrate and succinate are saturated acids with four carbon atoms in each molecule. Butyrate is a monoacid that is formed as an intermediate in lipogenesis while succinate is a diacid that is formed as an intermediate in the citric acid cycle. Therefore, the citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid butyrate intermediate is succinate.

Answer 13

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid intermediate acetoacetate has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. This process is the reverse of the degradation of fatty acid.

The Citric acid cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that use acetyl CoA (produced by oxidation of pyruvate) to produce carbon dioxide, NADH and FADH₂ in a series of redox reactions.

Intermediates involved in the lipogenesis are derivatives of C₄ molecule butyric acid. Butyric acid is a monocarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the lipogenesis is a C₄ derivative of monocarboxylic acid. The structure of butyric acid is,

Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the citric acid cycle is a C₄ derivative of dicarboxylic acid. The structure of succinic acid is,

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 25.105EP

The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid acetoacetate intermediate is oxaloacetate.

Explanation of Solution

Acetoacetate is the intermediate in the lipogenesis. The structure of acetoacetate is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 7

Oxaloacetate is the intermediate in the citric acid cycle. The structure of oxaloacetate is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 8

Acetoacetate and oxaloacetate are the keto derivatives of saturated acid with four carbon atoms in each molecule. Acetoacetate is a keto derivative of monocarboxylic acid while oxaloacetate is a keto derivative of dicarboxylic acid. Therefore, the citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid acetoacetate intermediate is oxaloacetate.

Answer 14

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid intermediate acetoacetate has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. This process is the reverse of the degradation of fatty acid.

The Citric acid cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that use acetyl CoA (produced by oxidation of pyruvate) to produce carbon dioxide, NADH and FADH₂ in a series of redox reactions.

Intermediates involved in the lipogenesis are derivatives of C₄ molecule butyric acid. Butyric acid is a monocarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the lipogenesis is a C₄ derivative of monocarboxylic acid. The structure of butyric acid is,

Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the citric acid cycle is a C₄ derivative of dicarboxylic acid. The structure of succinic acid is,

Answer 15

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 25.105EP

The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid acetoacetate intermediate is oxaloacetate.

Answer 16

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer 17

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer 18

Expert Solution

Answer 19

Explanation of Solution

Acetoacetate is the intermediate in the lipogenesis. The structure of acetoacetate is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 7

Oxaloacetate is the intermediate in the citric acid cycle. The structure of oxaloacetate is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 8

Acetoacetate and oxaloacetate are the keto derivatives of saturated acid with four carbon atoms in each molecule. Acetoacetate is a keto derivative of monocarboxylic acid while oxaloacetate is a keto derivative of dicarboxylic acid. Therefore, the citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid acetoacetate intermediate is oxaloacetate.

Answer 20

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid intermediate β-hydroxybutyrate has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. This process is the reverse of the degradation of fatty acid.

The Citric acid cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that use acetyl CoA (produced by oxidation of pyruvate) to produce carbon dioxide, NADH and FADH₂ in a series of redox reactions.

Intermediates involved in the lipogenesis are derivatives of C₄ molecule butyric acid. Butyric acid is a monocarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the lipogenesis is a C₄ derivative of monocarboxylic acid. The structure of butyric acid is,

Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the citric acid cycle is a C₄ derivative of dicarboxylic acid. The structure of succinic acid is,

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 25.105EP

The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid β-hydroxybutyrate intermediate is malate.

Explanation of Solution

β-Hydroxybutyrate is the intermediate in the lipogenesis. The structure of β-hydroxybutyrate is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 11

Malate is the intermediate in the citric acid cycle. The structure of Malate is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 12

β-Hydroxybutyrate and malate are the hydroxy derivatives of saturated acid with four carbon atoms in each molecule. β-Hydroxybutyrate is a hydroxy derivative of monocarboxylic acid while malate is a hydroxy derivative of dicarboxylic acid. Therefore, the citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid β-hydroxybutyrate intermediate is malate.

Answer 21

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid intermediate β-hydroxybutyrate has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. This process is the reverse of the degradation of fatty acid.

The Citric acid cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that use acetyl CoA (produced by oxidation of pyruvate) to produce carbon dioxide, NADH and FADH₂ in a series of redox reactions.

Intermediates involved in the lipogenesis are derivatives of C₄ molecule butyric acid. Butyric acid is a monocarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the lipogenesis is a C₄ derivative of monocarboxylic acid. The structure of butyric acid is,

Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the citric acid cycle is a C₄ derivative of dicarboxylic acid. The structure of succinic acid is,

Answer 22

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 25.105EP

The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid β-hydroxybutyrate intermediate is malate.

Answer 23

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer 24

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer 25

Expert Solution

Answer 26

Explanation of Solution

β-Hydroxybutyrate is the intermediate in the lipogenesis. The structure of β-hydroxybutyrate is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 11

Malate is the intermediate in the citric acid cycle. The structure of Malate is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 12

β-Hydroxybutyrate and malate are the hydroxy derivatives of saturated acid with four carbon atoms in each molecule. β-Hydroxybutyrate is a hydroxy derivative of monocarboxylic acid while malate is a hydroxy derivative of dicarboxylic acid. Therefore, the citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid β-hydroxybutyrate intermediate is malate.

Answer 27

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid intermediate crotonate has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. This process is the reverse of the degradation of fatty acid.

The Citric acid cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that use acetyl CoA (produced by oxidation of pyruvate) to produce carbon dioxide, NADH and FADH₂ in a series of redox reactions.

Intermediates involved in the lipogenesis are derivatives of C₄ molecule butyric acid. Butyric acid is a monocarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the lipogenesis is a C₄ derivative of monocarboxylic acid. The structure of butyric acid is,

Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the citric acid cycle is a C₄ derivative of dicarboxylic acid. The structure of succinic acid is,

(d)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 25.105EP

The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid crotonate intermediate is fumarate.

Explanation of Solution

Crotonate is the intermediate in the lipogenesis. The structure of crotonate is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 15

Fumarate is the intermediate in the citric acid cycle. The structure of fumarate is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 16

Crotonate and fumarate are the unsaturated derivatives of a carboxylic acid with four carbon atoms in each molecule. Crotonate is an unsaturated derivative of monocarboxylic acid while fumarate is an unsaturated derivative of dicarboxylic acid. Therefore, the citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid crotonate intermediate is fumarate.

Answer 28

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid intermediate crotonate has to be determined.

Concept introduction:

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. This process is the reverse of the degradation of fatty acid.

The Citric acid cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that use acetyl CoA (produced by oxidation of pyruvate) to produce carbon dioxide, NADH and FADH₂ in a series of redox reactions.

Intermediates involved in the lipogenesis are derivatives of C₄ molecule butyric acid. Butyric acid is a monocarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the lipogenesis is a C₄ derivative of monocarboxylic acid. The structure of butyric acid is,

Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the citric acid cycle is a C₄ derivative of dicarboxylic acid. The structure of succinic acid is,

Answer 29

(d)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 25.105EP

The citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid crotonate intermediate is fumarate.

Answer 30

(d)

Expert Solution

Answer 31

(d)

Expert Solution

Answer 32

Expert Solution

Answer 33

Explanation of Solution

Crotonate is the intermediate in the lipogenesis. The structure of crotonate is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 15

Fumarate is the intermediate in the citric acid cycle. The structure of fumarate is,

GENERAL,ORGANIC,+BIO.CHEM.-MINDTAP, Chapter 25, Problem 25.105EP , additional homework tip 16

Crotonate and fumarate are the unsaturated derivatives of a carboxylic acid with four carbon atoms in each molecule. Crotonate is an unsaturated derivative of monocarboxylic acid while fumarate is an unsaturated derivative of dicarboxylic acid. Therefore, the citric acid cycle diacid intermediate counterpart for lipogenesis C₄-ACP monoacid crotonate intermediate is fumarate.