Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The lipogenesis C4-ACP monoacid intermediate counterpart for the citric acid cycle C4-diacid intermediate succinate has to be determined.
Concept introduction:
Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. This process is the reverse of the degradation of fatty acid.
The Citric acid cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that use acetyl CoA (produced by oxidation of pyruvate) to produce carbon dioxide, NADH and FADH2 in a series of
(a)
Answer to Problem 25.106EP
The lipogenesis C4-ACP monoacid intermediate counterpart for the citric acid cycle C4-diacid intermediate succinate is butyrate.
Explanation of Solution
Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the citric acid cycle is a C4 derivative of dicarboxylic acid. The structure of succinic acid is,
Intermediates involved in the lipogenesis are derivatives of C4 molecule butyric acid. Butyric acid is a monocarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the lipogenesis is a C4 derivative of monocarboxylic acid. The structure of butyric acid is,
The structure of succinate is,
The structure of butyrate is,
Butyrate and succinate are saturated acid with four carbon atoms in each molecule. butyrate is a monoacid formed as intermediate in lipogenesis while succinate is a diacid formed as intermediate in the citric acid cycle. Therefore, the lipogenesis C4-ACP monoacid intermediate counterpart for the citric acid cycle C4-diacid intermediate succinate is butyrate.
(b)
Interpretation:
The lipogenesis C4-ACP monoacid intermediate counterpart for the citric acid cycle C4-diacid intermediate malate has to be determined.
Concept introduction:
Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. This process is the reverse of the degradation of fatty acid.
The Citric acid cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that use acetyl CoA (produced by oxidation of pyruvate) to produce carbon dioxide, NADH and FADH2 in a series of redox reactions.
Intermediates involved in the lipogenesis are derivative of C4 molecule butyric acid. Butyric acid is a monocarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the lipogenesis is a C4 derivative of monocarboxylic acid. The structure of butyric acid is,
Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the citric acid cycle is a
(b)
Answer to Problem 25.106EP
The lipogenesis C4-ACP monoacid intermediate counterpart for the citric acid cycle C4-diacid intermediate malate is β-hydroxybutyrate.
Explanation of Solution
Malate is the intermediate in the citric acid cycle. The structure of malate is,
β-Hydroxybutyrate is the intermediate in the lipogenesis. The structure of β-hydroxybutyrate is,
Malate and β-hydroxybutyrate are the hydroxy derivatives of saturated acid with four carbon atoms in each molecule. Malate is a hydroxy derivative of dicarboxylic acid that is formed as the intermediate in the citric acid cycle whileβ-hydroxybutyrate is a hydroxy derivative of monocarboxylic acid that is formed as the intermediate in the lipogenesis. The lipogenesis C4-ACP monoacid intermediate counterpart for the citric acid cycle C4-diacid intermediate malate is β-hydroxybutyrate.
(c)
Interpretation:
The lipogenesis C4-ACP monoacid intermediate counterpart for the citric acid cycle C4-diacid intermediate oxaloacetate has to be determined.
Concept introduction:
Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. This process is the reverse of the degradation of fatty acid.
The Citric acid cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that use acetyl CoA (produced by oxidation of pyruvate) to produce carbon dioxide, NADH and FADH2 in a series of redox reactions.
Intermediates involved in the lipogenesis are derivatives of C4 molecule butyric acid. Butyric acid is a monocarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the lipogenesis is a C4 derivative of monocarboxylic acid. The structure of butyric acid is,
Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the citric acid cycle is a C4 derivative of dicarboxylic acid. The structure of succinic acid is,
(c)
Answer to Problem 25.106EP
The lipogenesis C4-ACP monoacid intermediate counterpart for the citric acid cycle C4-diacid intermediate oxaloacetate is acetoacetate.
Explanation of Solution
Oxaloacetate is the intermediate in the citric acid cycle. The structure of oxaloacetate is,
Acetoacetate is the intermediate in the lipogenesis. The structure of acetoacetate is,
Oxaloacetate and acetoacetate are the keto derivatives of saturated acid with four carbon atoms in each molecule. Oxaloacetate is a keto derivative of dicarboxylic acid that is formed as the intermediate in the citric acid cycle while acetoacetate is a keto derivative of monocarboxylic acid that is formed as the intermediate in the lipogenesis. Therefore, the lipogenesis C4-ACP monoacid intermediate counterpart for the citric acid cycle C4-diacid intermediate oxaloacetate is acetoacetate.
(d)
Interpretation:
The lipogenesis C4-ACP monoacid intermediate counterpart for the citric acid cycle C4-diacid intermediate fumarate has to be determined.
Concept introduction:
Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid. This process is the reverse of the degradation of fatty acid.
The Citric acid cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that use acetyl CoA (produced by oxidation of pyruvate) to produce carbon dioxide, NADH and FADH2 in a series of redox reactions.
Intermediates involved in the lipogenesis are derivatives of C4 molecule butyric acid. Butyric acid is a monocarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the lipogenesis is a C4 derivative of monocarboxylic acid. The structure of butyric acid is,
Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid and has 4 carbon atoms. Thus, each intermediate of the citric acid cycle is a C4 derivative of dicarboxylic acid. The structure of succinic acid is,
(d)
Answer to Problem 25.106EP
The lipogenesis C4-ACP monoacid intermediate counterpart for the citric acid cycle C4-diacid intermediate fumarate is crotonate.
Explanation of Solution
Fumarate is the intermediate in the citric acid cycle. The structure of fumarate is,
Crotonate is the intermediate in the lipogenesis. The structure of crotonate is,
Fumarate and crotonate are the unsaturated derivatives of the
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 25 Solutions
EBK GENERAL, ORGANIC, AND BIOLOGICAL CH
- Show work with explanation. Don't give Ai generated solutionarrow_forwardShow work. don't give Ai generated solutionarrow_forwardUse the average molarity of acetic acid (0.0867M) to calculate the concentration in % (m/v). Then calculate the % difference between the calculated concentrations of your unknown vinegar solution with the 5.00% (w/v%) vinegar solution (check the formula for % difference in the previous lab or online). Before calculating the difference with vinegar, remember that this %(m/v) is of the diluted solution. It has been diluted 10 times.arrow_forward
- #1. Retro-Electrochemical Reaction: A ring has been made, but the light is causing the molecule to un- cyclize. Undo the ring into all possible molecules. (2pts, no partial credit) hvarrow_forwardDon't used Ai solutionarrow_forwardI have a question about this problem involving mechanisms and drawing curved arrows for acids and bases. I know we need to identify the nucleophile and electrophile, but are there different types of reactions? For instance, what about Grignard reagents and other types that I might not be familiar with? Can you help me with this? I want to identify the names of the mechanisms for problems 1-14, such as Gilman reagents and others. Are they all the same? Also, could you rewrite it so I can better understand? The handwriting is pretty cluttered. Additionally, I need to label the nucleophile and electrophile, but my main concern is whether those reactions differ, like the "Brønsted-Lowry acid-base mechanism, Lewis acid-base mechanism, acid-catalyzed mechanisms, acid-catalyzed reactions, base-catalyzed reactions, nucleophilic substitution mechanisms (SN1 and SN2), elimination reactions (E1 and E2), organometallic mechanisms, and so forth."arrow_forward
General, Organic, and Biological ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781285853918Author:H. Stephen StokerPublisher:Cengage Learning
Organic And Biological ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305081079Author:STOKER, H. Stephen (howard Stephen)Publisher:Cengage Learning,
Introduction to General, Organic and BiochemistryChemistryISBN:9781285869759Author:Frederick A. Bettelheim, William H. Brown, Mary K. Campbell, Shawn O. Farrell, Omar TorresPublisher:Cengage Learning
Chemistry for Today: General, Organic, and Bioche...ChemistryISBN:9781305960060Author:Spencer L. Seager, Michael R. Slabaugh, Maren S. HansenPublisher:Cengage Learning