The steps in β-oxidation in which the oxidation process occurs and the changes happen should be identified and described respectively. Concept introduction: Fatty acids are aliphatic mono- carboxylic acids that are mostly obtained from the hydrolysis of natural fats and oils. They have a general formula R − ( C H 2 ) n − C O O H , n is mostly an even number of carbon atoms (4 to 20) with a few exceptions that have an odd number Fatty acids in the body are mostly oxidized by β oxidation. β-oxidation is the oxidation and splitting of two carbon units at β - carbon atom. This results in sequential removal of 2 carbon fragments as acetyl CoA until the complete oxidation of fatty acids. The four important steps of β-oxidation are, Step 1: Dehydrogenation of the fatty acyl-CoA to make ‘trans’ double bond between α and β carbon. Short, medium and long chain acyl-CoAdehydrogenases Electron removed transferred to FAD Step 2: Hydration of the double bond. Step 3: Dehydrogenation of the β-hydroxyl group to a ketone. Electron removed transferred to N A D + Step 4: Acylation-addition of CoA and production of and production of acetyl-CoA Oxidation: Losing electrons, increasing oxidation number, addition of oxygen and removal of hydrogen. Reduction: Gaining electron, decreasing oxidation number, addition of hydrogen and removal of oxygen. Oxidizing agent is a substance that removes electrons from another reactant in a chemical reaction and so it is reduced by taking electron onto itself and the reactant is oxidized by having its electron taken away. Reducing agent is the element or compound in a redox reaction that donate an electron to another species and so it is oxidized.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 24.5, Problem 24.4KCP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The steps in β-oxidation in which the oxidation process occurs and the changes happen should be identified and described respectively.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are aliphatic mono-carboxylic acids that are mostly obtained from the hydrolysis of natural fats and oils. They have a general formula R−(CH2)n−COOH, n is mostly an even number of carbon atoms (4 to 20) with a few exceptions that have an odd number

Fatty acids in the body are mostly oxidized by β oxidation.

β-oxidation is the oxidation and splitting of two carbon units at β- carbon atom. This results in sequential removal of 2 carbon fragments as acetyl CoA until the complete oxidation of fatty acids.

The four important steps of β-oxidation are,

Step 1: Dehydrogenation of the fatty acyl-CoA to make ‘trans’ double bond between α and β carbon.

Short, medium and long chain acyl-CoAdehydrogenases

Electron removed transferred to FAD

Step 2: Hydration of the double bond.

Step 3: Dehydrogenation of the β-hydroxyl group to a ketone.

Electron removed transferred to NAD+

Step 4: Acylation-addition of CoA and production of and production of acetyl-CoA

Oxidation: Losing electrons, increasing oxidation number, addition of oxygen and removal of hydrogen.

Reduction: Gaining electron, decreasing oxidation number, addition of hydrogen and removal of oxygen.

Oxidizing agent is a substance that removes electrons from another reactant in a chemical reaction and so it is reduced by taking electron onto itself and the reactant is oxidized by having its electron taken away.

Reducing agent is the element or compound in a redox reaction that donate an electron to another species and so it is oxidized.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The oxidizing agents in the β oxidation should be identified.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are aliphatic mono-carboxylic acids that are mostly obtained from the hydrolysis of natural fats and oils. They have a general formula R−(CH2)n−COOH, n is mostly an even number of carbon atoms (4 to 20) with a few exceptions that have an odd number

Fatty acids in the body are mostly oxidized by β oxidation.

β-oxidation is the oxidation and splitting of two carbon units at β- carbon atom. This results in sequential removal of 2 carbon fragments as acetyl CoA until the complete oxidation of fatty acids.

The four important steps of β-oxidation are,

Step 1: Dehydrogenation of the fatty acyl-CoA to make ‘trans’ double bond between α and β carbon.

Short, medium and long chain acyl-CoAdehydrogenases

Electron removed transferred to FAD

Step 2: Hydration of the double bond.

Step 3: Dehydrogenation of the β-hydroxyl group to a ketone.

Electron removed transferred to NAD+

Step 4: Acylation-addition of CoA and production of and production of acetyl-CoA

Oxidation: Losing electrons, increasing oxidation number, addition of oxygen and removal of hydrogen.

Reduction: Gaining electron, decreasing oxidation number, addition of hydrogen and removal of oxygen.

Oxidizing agent is a substance that removes electrons from another reactant in a chemical reaction and so it is reduced by taking electron onto itself and the reactant is oxidized by having its electron taken away.

Reducing agent is the element or compound in a redox reaction that donate an electron to another species and so it is oxidized.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The steps in β-oxidation in which the addition reaction occurs should be identified.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are aliphatic mono-carboxylic acids that are mostly obtained from the hydrolysis of natural fats and oils. They have a general formula R−(CH2)n−COOH, n is mostly an even number of carbon atoms (4 to 20) with a few exceptions that have an odd number

Fatty acids in the body are mostly oxidized by β oxidation.

β-oxidation is the oxidation and splitting of two carbon units at β- carbon atom. This results in sequential removal of 2 carbon fragments as acetyl CoA until the complete oxidation of fatty acids.

The four important steps of β-oxidation are,

Step 1: Dehydrogenation of the fatty acyl-CoA to make ‘trans’ double bond between α and β carbon.

Short, medium and long chain acyl-CoAdehydrogenases

Electron removed transferred to FAD

Step 2: Hydration of the double bond.

Step 3: Dehydrogenation of the β-hydroxyl group to a ketone.

Electron removed transferred to NAD+

Step 4: Acylation-addition of CoA and production of and production of acetyl-CoA

In addition reactions carbon-carbon double bonds become single bonds.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The steps in β-oxidation in which the substitution reaction occurs should be identified.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are aliphatic mono-carboxylic acids that are mostly obtained from the hydrolysis of natural fats and oils. They have a general formula R−(CH2)n−COOH, n is mostly an even number of carbon atoms (4 to 20) with a few exceptions that have an odd number

Fatty acids in the body are mostly oxidized by β oxidation.

β-oxidation is the oxidation and splitting of two carbon units at β- carbon atom. This results in sequential removal of 2 carbon fragments as acetyl CoA until the complete oxidation of fatty acids.

The four important steps of β-oxidation are,

Step 1: Dehydrogenation of the fatty acyl-CoA to make ‘trans’ double bond between α and β carbon.

Short, medium and long chain acyl-CoAdehydrogenases

Electron removed transferred to FAD

Step 2: Hydration of the double bond.

Step 3: Dehydrogenation of the β-hydroxyl group to a ketone.

Electron removed transferred to NAD+

Step 4: Acylation-addition of CoA and production of and production of acetyl-CoA

Substitution reaction is a chemical reaction in which an atom or group of atom in a molecule is replaced by another atom or group.

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 24.5, Problem 24.4KCP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The steps in β-oxidation in which the oxidation process occurs and the changes happen should be identified and described respectively.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are aliphatic mono-carboxylic acids that are mostly obtained from the hydrolysis of natural fats and oils. They have a general formula R−(CH2)n−COOH, n is mostly an even number of carbon atoms (4 to 20) with a few exceptions that have an odd number

Fatty acids in the body are mostly oxidized by β oxidation.

β-oxidation is the oxidation and splitting of two carbon units at β- carbon atom. This results in sequential removal of 2 carbon fragments as acetyl CoA until the complete oxidation of fatty acids.

The four important steps of β-oxidation are,

Step 1: Dehydrogenation of the fatty acyl-CoA to make ‘trans’ double bond between α and β carbon.

Short, medium and long chain acyl-CoAdehydrogenases

Electron removed transferred to FAD

Step 2: Hydration of the double bond.

Step 3: Dehydrogenation of the β-hydroxyl group to a ketone.

Electron removed transferred to NAD+

Step 4: Acylation-addition of CoA and production of and production of acetyl-CoA

Oxidation: Losing electrons, increasing oxidation number, addition of oxygen and removal of hydrogen.

Reduction: Gaining electron, decreasing oxidation number, addition of hydrogen and removal of oxygen.

Oxidizing agent is a substance that removes electrons from another reactant in a chemical reaction and so it is reduced by taking electron onto itself and the reactant is oxidized by having its electron taken away.

Reducing agent is the element or compound in a redox reaction that donate an electron to another species and so it is oxidized.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The oxidizing agents in the β oxidation should be identified.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are aliphatic mono-carboxylic acids that are mostly obtained from the hydrolysis of natural fats and oils. They have a general formula R−(CH2)n−COOH, n is mostly an even number of carbon atoms (4 to 20) with a few exceptions that have an odd number

Fatty acids in the body are mostly oxidized by β oxidation.

β-oxidation is the oxidation and splitting of two carbon units at β- carbon atom. This results in sequential removal of 2 carbon fragments as acetyl CoA until the complete oxidation of fatty acids.

The four important steps of β-oxidation are,

Step 1: Dehydrogenation of the fatty acyl-CoA to make ‘trans’ double bond between α and β carbon.

Short, medium and long chain acyl-CoAdehydrogenases

Electron removed transferred to FAD

Step 2: Hydration of the double bond.

Step 3: Dehydrogenation of the β-hydroxyl group to a ketone.

Electron removed transferred to NAD+

Step 4: Acylation-addition of CoA and production of and production of acetyl-CoA

Oxidation: Losing electrons, increasing oxidation number, addition of oxygen and removal of hydrogen.

Reduction: Gaining electron, decreasing oxidation number, addition of hydrogen and removal of oxygen.

Oxidizing agent is a substance that removes electrons from another reactant in a chemical reaction and so it is reduced by taking electron onto itself and the reactant is oxidized by having its electron taken away.

Reducing agent is the element or compound in a redox reaction that donate an electron to another species and so it is oxidized.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The steps in β-oxidation in which the addition reaction occurs should be identified.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are aliphatic mono-carboxylic acids that are mostly obtained from the hydrolysis of natural fats and oils. They have a general formula R−(CH2)n−COOH, n is mostly an even number of carbon atoms (4 to 20) with a few exceptions that have an odd number

Fatty acids in the body are mostly oxidized by β oxidation.

β-oxidation is the oxidation and splitting of two carbon units at β- carbon atom. This results in sequential removal of 2 carbon fragments as acetyl CoA until the complete oxidation of fatty acids.

The four important steps of β-oxidation are,

Step 1: Dehydrogenation of the fatty acyl-CoA to make ‘trans’ double bond between α and β carbon.

Short, medium and long chain acyl-CoAdehydrogenases

Electron removed transferred to FAD

Step 2: Hydration of the double bond.

Step 3: Dehydrogenation of the β-hydroxyl group to a ketone.

Electron removed transferred to NAD+

Step 4: Acylation-addition of CoA and production of and production of acetyl-CoA

In addition reactions carbon-carbon double bonds become single bonds.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The steps in β-oxidation in which the substitution reaction occurs should be identified.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are aliphatic mono-carboxylic acids that are mostly obtained from the hydrolysis of natural fats and oils. They have a general formula R−(CH2)n−COOH, n is mostly an even number of carbon atoms (4 to 20) with a few exceptions that have an odd number

Fatty acids in the body are mostly oxidized by β oxidation.

β-oxidation is the oxidation and splitting of two carbon units at β- carbon atom. This results in sequential removal of 2 carbon fragments as acetyl CoA until the complete oxidation of fatty acids.

The four important steps of β-oxidation are,

Step 1: Dehydrogenation of the fatty acyl-CoA to make ‘trans’ double bond between α and β carbon.

Short, medium and long chain acyl-CoAdehydrogenases

Electron removed transferred to FAD

Step 2: Hydration of the double bond.

Step 3: Dehydrogenation of the β-hydroxyl group to a ketone.

Electron removed transferred to NAD+

Step 4: Acylation-addition of CoA and production of and production of acetyl-CoA

Substitution reaction is a chemical reaction in which an atom or group of atom in a molecule is replaced by another atom or group.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 24.5, Problem 24.4KCP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The steps in β-oxidation in which the oxidation process occurs and the changes happen should be identified and described respectively.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are aliphatic mono-carboxylic acids that are mostly obtained from the hydrolysis of natural fats and oils. They have a general formula R−(CH2)n−COOH, n is mostly an even number of carbon atoms (4 to 20) with a few exceptions that have an odd number

Fatty acids in the body are mostly oxidized by β oxidation.

β-oxidation is the oxidation and splitting of two carbon units at β- carbon atom. This results in sequential removal of 2 carbon fragments as acetyl CoA until the complete oxidation of fatty acids.

The four important steps of β-oxidation are,

Step 1: Dehydrogenation of the fatty acyl-CoA to make ‘trans’ double bond between α and β carbon.

Short, medium and long chain acyl-CoAdehydrogenases

Electron removed transferred to FAD

Step 2: Hydration of the double bond.

Step 3: Dehydrogenation of the β-hydroxyl group to a ketone.

Electron removed transferred to NAD+

Step 4: Acylation-addition of CoA and production of and production of acetyl-CoA

Oxidation: Losing electrons, increasing oxidation number, addition of oxygen and removal of hydrogen.

Reduction: Gaining electron, decreasing oxidation number, addition of hydrogen and removal of oxygen.

Oxidizing agent is a substance that removes electrons from another reactant in a chemical reaction and so it is reduced by taking electron onto itself and the reactant is oxidized by having its electron taken away.

Reducing agent is the element or compound in a redox reaction that donate an electron to another species and so it is oxidized.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The oxidizing agents in the β oxidation should be identified.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are aliphatic mono-carboxylic acids that are mostly obtained from the hydrolysis of natural fats and oils. They have a general formula R−(CH2)n−COOH, n is mostly an even number of carbon atoms (4 to 20) with a few exceptions that have an odd number

Fatty acids in the body are mostly oxidized by β oxidation.

β-oxidation is the oxidation and splitting of two carbon units at β- carbon atom. This results in sequential removal of 2 carbon fragments as acetyl CoA until the complete oxidation of fatty acids.

The four important steps of β-oxidation are,

Step 1: Dehydrogenation of the fatty acyl-CoA to make ‘trans’ double bond between α and β carbon.

Short, medium and long chain acyl-CoAdehydrogenases

Electron removed transferred to FAD

Step 2: Hydration of the double bond.

Step 3: Dehydrogenation of the β-hydroxyl group to a ketone.

Electron removed transferred to NAD+

Step 4: Acylation-addition of CoA and production of and production of acetyl-CoA

Oxidation: Losing electrons, increasing oxidation number, addition of oxygen and removal of hydrogen.

Reduction: Gaining electron, decreasing oxidation number, addition of hydrogen and removal of oxygen.

Oxidizing agent is a substance that removes electrons from another reactant in a chemical reaction and so it is reduced by taking electron onto itself and the reactant is oxidized by having its electron taken away.

Reducing agent is the element or compound in a redox reaction that donate an electron to another species and so it is oxidized.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The steps in β-oxidation in which the addition reaction occurs should be identified.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are aliphatic mono-carboxylic acids that are mostly obtained from the hydrolysis of natural fats and oils. They have a general formula R−(CH2)n−COOH, n is mostly an even number of carbon atoms (4 to 20) with a few exceptions that have an odd number

Fatty acids in the body are mostly oxidized by β oxidation.

β-oxidation is the oxidation and splitting of two carbon units at β- carbon atom. This results in sequential removal of 2 carbon fragments as acetyl CoA until the complete oxidation of fatty acids.

The four important steps of β-oxidation are,

Step 1: Dehydrogenation of the fatty acyl-CoA to make ‘trans’ double bond between α and β carbon.

Short, medium and long chain acyl-CoAdehydrogenases

Electron removed transferred to FAD

Step 2: Hydration of the double bond.

Step 3: Dehydrogenation of the β-hydroxyl group to a ketone.

Electron removed transferred to NAD+

Step 4: Acylation-addition of CoA and production of and production of acetyl-CoA

In addition reactions carbon-carbon double bonds become single bonds.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The steps in β-oxidation in which the substitution reaction occurs should be identified.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are aliphatic mono-carboxylic acids that are mostly obtained from the hydrolysis of natural fats and oils. They have a general formula R−(CH2)n−COOH, n is mostly an even number of carbon atoms (4 to 20) with a few exceptions that have an odd number

Fatty acids in the body are mostly oxidized by β oxidation.

β-oxidation is the oxidation and splitting of two carbon units at β- carbon atom. This results in sequential removal of 2 carbon fragments as acetyl CoA until the complete oxidation of fatty acids.

The four important steps of β-oxidation are,

Step 1: Dehydrogenation of the fatty acyl-CoA to make ‘trans’ double bond between α and β carbon.

Short, medium and long chain acyl-CoAdehydrogenases

Electron removed transferred to FAD

Step 2: Hydration of the double bond.

Step 3: Dehydrogenation of the β-hydroxyl group to a ketone.

Electron removed transferred to NAD+

Step 4: Acylation-addition of CoA and production of and production of acetyl-CoA

Substitution reaction is a chemical reaction in which an atom or group of atom in a molecule is replaced by another atom or group.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 24.5, Problem 24.4KCP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The steps in β-oxidation in which the oxidation process occurs and the changes happen should be identified and described respectively.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are aliphatic mono-carboxylic acids that are mostly obtained from the hydrolysis of natural fats and oils. They have a general formula R−(CH2)n−COOH, n is mostly an even number of carbon atoms (4 to 20) with a few exceptions that have an odd number

Fatty acids in the body are mostly oxidized by β oxidation.

β-oxidation is the oxidation and splitting of two carbon units at β- carbon atom. This results in sequential removal of 2 carbon fragments as acetyl CoA until the complete oxidation of fatty acids.

The four important steps of β-oxidation are,

Step 1: Dehydrogenation of the fatty acyl-CoA to make ‘trans’ double bond between α and β carbon.

Short, medium and long chain acyl-CoAdehydrogenases

Electron removed transferred to FAD

Step 2: Hydration of the double bond.

Step 3: Dehydrogenation of the β-hydroxyl group to a ketone.

Electron removed transferred to NAD+

Step 4: Acylation-addition of CoA and production of and production of acetyl-CoA

Oxidation: Losing electrons, increasing oxidation number, addition of oxygen and removal of hydrogen.

Reduction: Gaining electron, decreasing oxidation number, addition of hydrogen and removal of oxygen.

Oxidizing agent is a substance that removes electrons from another reactant in a chemical reaction and so it is reduced by taking electron onto itself and the reactant is oxidized by having its electron taken away.

Reducing agent is the element or compound in a redox reaction that donate an electron to another species and so it is oxidized.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The oxidizing agents in the β oxidation should be identified.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are aliphatic mono-carboxylic acids that are mostly obtained from the hydrolysis of natural fats and oils. They have a general formula R−(CH2)n−COOH, n is mostly an even number of carbon atoms (4 to 20) with a few exceptions that have an odd number

Fatty acids in the body are mostly oxidized by β oxidation.

β-oxidation is the oxidation and splitting of two carbon units at β- carbon atom. This results in sequential removal of 2 carbon fragments as acetyl CoA until the complete oxidation of fatty acids.

The four important steps of β-oxidation are,

Step 1: Dehydrogenation of the fatty acyl-CoA to make ‘trans’ double bond between α and β carbon.

Short, medium and long chain acyl-CoAdehydrogenases

Electron removed transferred to FAD

Step 2: Hydration of the double bond.

Step 3: Dehydrogenation of the β-hydroxyl group to a ketone.

Electron removed transferred to NAD+

Step 4: Acylation-addition of CoA and production of and production of acetyl-CoA

Oxidation: Losing electrons, increasing oxidation number, addition of oxygen and removal of hydrogen.

Reduction: Gaining electron, decreasing oxidation number, addition of hydrogen and removal of oxygen.

Oxidizing agent is a substance that removes electrons from another reactant in a chemical reaction and so it is reduced by taking electron onto itself and the reactant is oxidized by having its electron taken away.

Reducing agent is the element or compound in a redox reaction that donate an electron to another species and so it is oxidized.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The steps in β-oxidation in which the addition reaction occurs should be identified.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are aliphatic mono-carboxylic acids that are mostly obtained from the hydrolysis of natural fats and oils. They have a general formula R−(CH2)n−COOH, n is mostly an even number of carbon atoms (4 to 20) with a few exceptions that have an odd number

Fatty acids in the body are mostly oxidized by β oxidation.

β-oxidation is the oxidation and splitting of two carbon units at β- carbon atom. This results in sequential removal of 2 carbon fragments as acetyl CoA until the complete oxidation of fatty acids.

The four important steps of β-oxidation are,

Step 1: Dehydrogenation of the fatty acyl-CoA to make ‘trans’ double bond between α and β carbon.

Short, medium and long chain acyl-CoAdehydrogenases

Electron removed transferred to FAD

Step 2: Hydration of the double bond.

Step 3: Dehydrogenation of the β-hydroxyl group to a ketone.

Electron removed transferred to NAD+

Step 4: Acylation-addition of CoA and production of and production of acetyl-CoA

In addition reactions carbon-carbon double bonds become single bonds.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The steps in β-oxidation in which the substitution reaction occurs should be identified.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are aliphatic mono-carboxylic acids that are mostly obtained from the hydrolysis of natural fats and oils. They have a general formula R−(CH2)n−COOH, n is mostly an even number of carbon atoms (4 to 20) with a few exceptions that have an odd number

Fatty acids in the body are mostly oxidized by β oxidation.

β-oxidation is the oxidation and splitting of two carbon units at β- carbon atom. This results in sequential removal of 2 carbon fragments as acetyl CoA until the complete oxidation of fatty acids.

The four important steps of β-oxidation are,

Step 1: Dehydrogenation of the fatty acyl-CoA to make ‘trans’ double bond between α and β carbon.

Short, medium and long chain acyl-CoAdehydrogenases

Electron removed transferred to FAD

Step 2: Hydration of the double bond.

Step 3: Dehydrogenation of the β-hydroxyl group to a ketone.

Electron removed transferred to NAD+

Step 4: Acylation-addition of CoA and production of and production of acetyl-CoA

Substitution reaction is a chemical reaction in which an atom or group of atom in a molecule is replaced by another atom or group.

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Answer 5

Chapter 24.5, Problem 24.4KCP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The steps in β-oxidation in which the oxidation process occurs and the changes happen should be identified and described respectively.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are aliphatic mono-carboxylic acids that are mostly obtained from the hydrolysis of natural fats and oils. They have a general formula R−(CH2)n−COOH, n is mostly an even number of carbon atoms (4 to 20) with a few exceptions that have an odd number

Fatty acids in the body are mostly oxidized by β oxidation.

β-oxidation is the oxidation and splitting of two carbon units at β- carbon atom. This results in sequential removal of 2 carbon fragments as acetyl CoA until the complete oxidation of fatty acids.

The four important steps of β-oxidation are,

Step 1: Dehydrogenation of the fatty acyl-CoA to make ‘trans’ double bond between α and β carbon.

Short, medium and long chain acyl-CoAdehydrogenases

Electron removed transferred to FAD

Step 2: Hydration of the double bond.

Step 3: Dehydrogenation of the β-hydroxyl group to a ketone.

Electron removed transferred to NAD+

Step 4: Acylation-addition of CoA and production of and production of acetyl-CoA

Oxidation: Losing electrons, increasing oxidation number, addition of oxygen and removal of hydrogen.

Reduction: Gaining electron, decreasing oxidation number, addition of hydrogen and removal of oxygen.

Oxidizing agent is a substance that removes electrons from another reactant in a chemical reaction and so it is reduced by taking electron onto itself and the reactant is oxidized by having its electron taken away.

Reducing agent is the element or compound in a redox reaction that donate an electron to another species and so it is oxidized.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The oxidizing agents in the β oxidation should be identified.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are aliphatic mono-carboxylic acids that are mostly obtained from the hydrolysis of natural fats and oils. They have a general formula R−(CH2)n−COOH, n is mostly an even number of carbon atoms (4 to 20) with a few exceptions that have an odd number

Fatty acids in the body are mostly oxidized by β oxidation.

β-oxidation is the oxidation and splitting of two carbon units at β- carbon atom. This results in sequential removal of 2 carbon fragments as acetyl CoA until the complete oxidation of fatty acids.

The four important steps of β-oxidation are,

Step 1: Dehydrogenation of the fatty acyl-CoA to make ‘trans’ double bond between α and β carbon.

Short, medium and long chain acyl-CoAdehydrogenases

Electron removed transferred to FAD

Step 2: Hydration of the double bond.

Step 3: Dehydrogenation of the β-hydroxyl group to a ketone.

Electron removed transferred to NAD+

Step 4: Acylation-addition of CoA and production of and production of acetyl-CoA

Oxidation: Losing electrons, increasing oxidation number, addition of oxygen and removal of hydrogen.

Reduction: Gaining electron, decreasing oxidation number, addition of hydrogen and removal of oxygen.

Oxidizing agent is a substance that removes electrons from another reactant in a chemical reaction and so it is reduced by taking electron onto itself and the reactant is oxidized by having its electron taken away.

Reducing agent is the element or compound in a redox reaction that donate an electron to another species and so it is oxidized.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The steps in β-oxidation in which the addition reaction occurs should be identified.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are aliphatic mono-carboxylic acids that are mostly obtained from the hydrolysis of natural fats and oils. They have a general formula R−(CH2)n−COOH, n is mostly an even number of carbon atoms (4 to 20) with a few exceptions that have an odd number

Fatty acids in the body are mostly oxidized by β oxidation.

β-oxidation is the oxidation and splitting of two carbon units at β- carbon atom. This results in sequential removal of 2 carbon fragments as acetyl CoA until the complete oxidation of fatty acids.

The four important steps of β-oxidation are,

Step 1: Dehydrogenation of the fatty acyl-CoA to make ‘trans’ double bond between α and β carbon.

Short, medium and long chain acyl-CoAdehydrogenases

Electron removed transferred to FAD

Step 2: Hydration of the double bond.

Step 3: Dehydrogenation of the β-hydroxyl group to a ketone.

Electron removed transferred to NAD+

Step 4: Acylation-addition of CoA and production of and production of acetyl-CoA

In addition reactions carbon-carbon double bonds become single bonds.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The steps in β-oxidation in which the substitution reaction occurs should be identified.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are aliphatic mono-carboxylic acids that are mostly obtained from the hydrolysis of natural fats and oils. They have a general formula R−(CH2)n−COOH, n is mostly an even number of carbon atoms (4 to 20) with a few exceptions that have an odd number

Fatty acids in the body are mostly oxidized by β oxidation.

β-oxidation is the oxidation and splitting of two carbon units at β- carbon atom. This results in sequential removal of 2 carbon fragments as acetyl CoA until the complete oxidation of fatty acids.

The four important steps of β-oxidation are,

Step 1: Dehydrogenation of the fatty acyl-CoA to make ‘trans’ double bond between α and β carbon.

Short, medium and long chain acyl-CoAdehydrogenases

Electron removed transferred to FAD

Step 2: Hydration of the double bond.

Step 3: Dehydrogenation of the β-hydroxyl group to a ketone.

Electron removed transferred to NAD+

Step 4: Acylation-addition of CoA and production of and production of acetyl-CoA

Substitution reaction is a chemical reaction in which an atom or group of atom in a molecule is replaced by another atom or group.

Answer 6

Chapter 24.5, Problem 24.4KCP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The steps in β-oxidation in which the oxidation process occurs and the changes happen should be identified and described respectively.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are aliphatic mono-carboxylic acids that are mostly obtained from the hydrolysis of natural fats and oils. They have a general formula R−(CH2)n−COOH, n is mostly an even number of carbon atoms (4 to 20) with a few exceptions that have an odd number

Fatty acids in the body are mostly oxidized by β oxidation.

β-oxidation is the oxidation and splitting of two carbon units at β- carbon atom. This results in sequential removal of 2 carbon fragments as acetyl CoA until the complete oxidation of fatty acids.

The four important steps of β-oxidation are,

Step 1: Dehydrogenation of the fatty acyl-CoA to make ‘trans’ double bond between α and β carbon.

Short, medium and long chain acyl-CoAdehydrogenases

Electron removed transferred to FAD

Step 2: Hydration of the double bond.

Step 3: Dehydrogenation of the β-hydroxyl group to a ketone.

Electron removed transferred to NAD+

Step 4: Acylation-addition of CoA and production of and production of acetyl-CoA

Oxidation: Losing electrons, increasing oxidation number, addition of oxygen and removal of hydrogen.

Reduction: Gaining electron, decreasing oxidation number, addition of hydrogen and removal of oxygen.

Oxidizing agent is a substance that removes electrons from another reactant in a chemical reaction and so it is reduced by taking electron onto itself and the reactant is oxidized by having its electron taken away.

Reducing agent is the element or compound in a redox reaction that donate an electron to another species and so it is oxidized.

Answer 7

Chapter 24.5, Problem 24.4KCP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The steps in β-oxidation in which the oxidation process occurs and the changes happen should be identified and described respectively.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are aliphatic mono-carboxylic acids that are mostly obtained from the hydrolysis of natural fats and oils. They have a general formula R−(CH2)n−COOH, n is mostly an even number of carbon atoms (4 to 20) with a few exceptions that have an odd number

Fatty acids in the body are mostly oxidized by β oxidation.

β-oxidation is the oxidation and splitting of two carbon units at β- carbon atom. This results in sequential removal of 2 carbon fragments as acetyl CoA until the complete oxidation of fatty acids.

The four important steps of β-oxidation are,

Step 1: Dehydrogenation of the fatty acyl-CoA to make ‘trans’ double bond between α and β carbon.

Short, medium and long chain acyl-CoAdehydrogenases

Electron removed transferred to FAD

Step 2: Hydration of the double bond.

Step 3: Dehydrogenation of the β-hydroxyl group to a ketone.

Electron removed transferred to NAD+

Step 4: Acylation-addition of CoA and production of and production of acetyl-CoA

Oxidation: Losing electrons, increasing oxidation number, addition of oxygen and removal of hydrogen.

Reduction: Gaining electron, decreasing oxidation number, addition of hydrogen and removal of oxygen.

Oxidizing agent is a substance that removes electrons from another reactant in a chemical reaction and so it is reduced by taking electron onto itself and the reactant is oxidized by having its electron taken away.

Reducing agent is the element or compound in a redox reaction that donate an electron to another species and so it is oxidized.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The oxidizing agents in the β oxidation should be identified.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are aliphatic mono-carboxylic acids that are mostly obtained from the hydrolysis of natural fats and oils. They have a general formula R−(CH2)n−COOH, n is mostly an even number of carbon atoms (4 to 20) with a few exceptions that have an odd number

Fatty acids in the body are mostly oxidized by β oxidation.

β-oxidation is the oxidation and splitting of two carbon units at β- carbon atom. This results in sequential removal of 2 carbon fragments as acetyl CoA until the complete oxidation of fatty acids.

The four important steps of β-oxidation are,

Step 1: Dehydrogenation of the fatty acyl-CoA to make ‘trans’ double bond between α and β carbon.

Short, medium and long chain acyl-CoAdehydrogenases

Electron removed transferred to FAD

Step 2: Hydration of the double bond.

Step 3: Dehydrogenation of the β-hydroxyl group to a ketone.

Electron removed transferred to NAD+

Step 4: Acylation-addition of CoA and production of and production of acetyl-CoA

Oxidation: Losing electrons, increasing oxidation number, addition of oxygen and removal of hydrogen.

Reduction: Gaining electron, decreasing oxidation number, addition of hydrogen and removal of oxygen.

Oxidizing agent is a substance that removes electrons from another reactant in a chemical reaction and so it is reduced by taking electron onto itself and the reactant is oxidized by having its electron taken away.

Reducing agent is the element or compound in a redox reaction that donate an electron to another species and so it is oxidized.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The oxidizing agents in the β oxidation should be identified.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are aliphatic mono-carboxylic acids that are mostly obtained from the hydrolysis of natural fats and oils. They have a general formula R−(CH2)n−COOH, n is mostly an even number of carbon atoms (4 to 20) with a few exceptions that have an odd number

Fatty acids in the body are mostly oxidized by β oxidation.

β-oxidation is the oxidation and splitting of two carbon units at β- carbon atom. This results in sequential removal of 2 carbon fragments as acetyl CoA until the complete oxidation of fatty acids.

The four important steps of β-oxidation are,

Step 1: Dehydrogenation of the fatty acyl-CoA to make ‘trans’ double bond between α and β carbon.

Short, medium and long chain acyl-CoAdehydrogenases

Electron removed transferred to FAD

Step 2: Hydration of the double bond.

Step 3: Dehydrogenation of the β-hydroxyl group to a ketone.

Electron removed transferred to NAD+

Step 4: Acylation-addition of CoA and production of and production of acetyl-CoA

Oxidation: Losing electrons, increasing oxidation number, addition of oxygen and removal of hydrogen.

Reduction: Gaining electron, decreasing oxidation number, addition of hydrogen and removal of oxygen.

Oxidizing agent is a substance that removes electrons from another reactant in a chemical reaction and so it is reduced by taking electron onto itself and the reactant is oxidized by having its electron taken away.

Reducing agent is the element or compound in a redox reaction that donate an electron to another species and so it is oxidized.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The steps in β-oxidation in which the addition reaction occurs should be identified.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are aliphatic mono-carboxylic acids that are mostly obtained from the hydrolysis of natural fats and oils. They have a general formula R−(CH2)n−COOH, n is mostly an even number of carbon atoms (4 to 20) with a few exceptions that have an odd number

Fatty acids in the body are mostly oxidized by β oxidation.

β-oxidation is the oxidation and splitting of two carbon units at β- carbon atom. This results in sequential removal of 2 carbon fragments as acetyl CoA until the complete oxidation of fatty acids.

The four important steps of β-oxidation are,

Step 1: Dehydrogenation of the fatty acyl-CoA to make ‘trans’ double bond between α and β carbon.

Short, medium and long chain acyl-CoAdehydrogenases

Electron removed transferred to FAD

Step 2: Hydration of the double bond.

Step 3: Dehydrogenation of the β-hydroxyl group to a ketone.

Electron removed transferred to NAD+

Step 4: Acylation-addition of CoA and production of and production of acetyl-CoA

In addition reactions carbon-carbon double bonds become single bonds.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The steps in β-oxidation in which the addition reaction occurs should be identified.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are aliphatic mono-carboxylic acids that are mostly obtained from the hydrolysis of natural fats and oils. They have a general formula R−(CH2)n−COOH, n is mostly an even number of carbon atoms (4 to 20) with a few exceptions that have an odd number

Fatty acids in the body are mostly oxidized by β oxidation.

β-oxidation is the oxidation and splitting of two carbon units at β- carbon atom. This results in sequential removal of 2 carbon fragments as acetyl CoA until the complete oxidation of fatty acids.

The four important steps of β-oxidation are,

Step 1: Dehydrogenation of the fatty acyl-CoA to make ‘trans’ double bond between α and β carbon.

Short, medium and long chain acyl-CoAdehydrogenases

Electron removed transferred to FAD

Step 2: Hydration of the double bond.

Step 3: Dehydrogenation of the β-hydroxyl group to a ketone.

Electron removed transferred to NAD+

Step 4: Acylation-addition of CoA and production of and production of acetyl-CoA

In addition reactions carbon-carbon double bonds become single bonds.

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The steps in β-oxidation in which the substitution reaction occurs should be identified.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are aliphatic mono-carboxylic acids that are mostly obtained from the hydrolysis of natural fats and oils. They have a general formula R−(CH2)n−COOH, n is mostly an even number of carbon atoms (4 to 20) with a few exceptions that have an odd number

Fatty acids in the body are mostly oxidized by β oxidation.

β-oxidation is the oxidation and splitting of two carbon units at β- carbon atom. This results in sequential removal of 2 carbon fragments as acetyl CoA until the complete oxidation of fatty acids.

The four important steps of β-oxidation are,

Step 1: Dehydrogenation of the fatty acyl-CoA to make ‘trans’ double bond between α and β carbon.

Short, medium and long chain acyl-CoAdehydrogenases

Electron removed transferred to FAD

Step 2: Hydration of the double bond.

Step 3: Dehydrogenation of the β-hydroxyl group to a ketone.

Electron removed transferred to NAD+

Step 4: Acylation-addition of CoA and production of and production of acetyl-CoA

Substitution reaction is a chemical reaction in which an atom or group of atom in a molecule is replaced by another atom or group.

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The steps in β-oxidation in which the substitution reaction occurs should be identified.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are aliphatic mono-carboxylic acids that are mostly obtained from the hydrolysis of natural fats and oils. They have a general formula R−(CH2)n−COOH, n is mostly an even number of carbon atoms (4 to 20) with a few exceptions that have an odd number

Fatty acids in the body are mostly oxidized by β oxidation.

β-oxidation is the oxidation and splitting of two carbon units at β- carbon atom. This results in sequential removal of 2 carbon fragments as acetyl CoA until the complete oxidation of fatty acids.

The four important steps of β-oxidation are,

Step 1: Dehydrogenation of the fatty acyl-CoA to make ‘trans’ double bond between α and β carbon.

Short, medium and long chain acyl-CoAdehydrogenases

Electron removed transferred to FAD

Step 2: Hydration of the double bond.

Step 3: Dehydrogenation of the β-hydroxyl group to a ketone.

Electron removed transferred to NAD+

Step 4: Acylation-addition of CoA and production of and production of acetyl-CoA

Substitution reaction is a chemical reaction in which an atom or group of atom in a molecule is replaced by another atom or group.

Answer 14

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Answer 15

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 16

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Answer 17

Ch. 24.1 - Prob. 24.1KCP Ch. 24.3 - Prob. 24.2P Ch. 24.3 - Prob. 24.3P Ch. 24.5 - Prob. 24.4KCP Ch. 24.5 - Prob. 24.5P Ch. 24.5 - Prob. 24.6P Ch. 24.5 - How much energy is released as ATP from the...Ch. 24.6 - Prob. 24.1CIAP Ch. 24.6 - Prob. 24.2CIAP Ch. 24.6 - Prob. 24.3CIAP

Solution Summary: The author explains the steps of -oxidation in which the oxidization process occurs and the changes happen.

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