Chapter 24, Problem 24.96EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To determine the net gain or net loss in triphosphates (ATP, UTP, etc.) in glycolysis.

Concept introduction: Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that breaks down a glucose molecule and converts it into two pyruvate molecules along with the production of ATP molecules and NADH-reduced coenzymes.

Triphosphate nucleotides provide energy to carry out the metabolic processes in the living cells. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), Cytidine triphosphate (CTP), Uridine triphosphate (UTP), and Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) are examples of triphosphate nucleotides.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To determine the net gain or net loss in triphosphates (ATP, UTP, etc.) in glycogenolysis.

Concept introduction: Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to $\text{glucose 6}-\text{phosphate}$. An overview of glycogenolysis metabolic pathway is as follows:

Triphosphate nucleotides provide energy to carry out the metabolic processes in the living cells. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), Cytidine triphosphate (CTP), Uridine triphosphate (UTP), and Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) are examples of triphosphate nucleotides.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To determine the net gain or net loss in triphosphates (ATP, UTP, etc.) when glycogen glucose unit is converted to glucose.

Concept introduction: Glucose is a monosaccharide with the molecular formula ${\text{C}}_6{\text{H}}_{12}{\text{O}}_6$. Glycogen is a polysaccharide of glucose. It serves as a form of carbohydrate storage in humans and animals. Glycogen is a source of glucose in humans and animals.

Triphosphate nucleotides provide energy to carry out the metabolic processes in the living cells. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), Cytidine triphosphate (CTP), Uridine triphosphate (UTP), and Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) are examples of triphosphate nucleotides.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To determine the net gain or net loss in triphosphates (ATP, UTP, etc.) when glycogen glucose unit is converted to lactate.

Concept introduction: Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to $\text{glucose 6}-\text{phosphate}$. Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that breaks down a glucose molecule and converts it into two pyruvate molecules along with the production of ATP molecules and NADH-reduced coenzymes.

Lactate dehydrogenase enzymes convert pyruvate to lactate under anaerobic conditions in the human body. This anaerobic reduction of pyruvate to form lactate by enzymes is called lactate fermentation.

Triphosphate nucleotides provide energy to carry out the metabolic processes in the living cells. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), Cytidine triphosphate (CTP), Uridine triphosphate (UTP), and Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) are examples of triphosphate nucleotides.