To indicate NADH is consumed in which of the four processes glycolysis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis. Concept introduction: In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. Two ATP molecules and NADH reduced coenzymes are produced in the glycolysis pathway. Gluconeogenesis is an eleven-step pathway in which glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenesis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose 6 − phosphate to glycogen. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6 − phosphate . Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is associated with the redox reactions in metabolism . Its reduced form is NADH and oxidized form is NAD + .

Question

Identify and provide a brief explanation of Gas Chromatography (GC) within the context of chemical analysis of food. Incorporate the specific application name, provide a concise overview of sample preparation methods, outline instrumental parameters and conditions ultilized, and summarise the outcomes and findings achieved through this analytical approach.

Answer 1

Question

Chapter 24, Problem 24.94EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate NADH is consumed in which of the four processes glycolysis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis.

Concept introduction: In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. Two ATP molecules and NADH reduced coenzymes are produced in the glycolysis pathway.

Gluconeogenesis is an eleven-step pathway in which glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenesis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose 6−phosphate to glycogen. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is associated with the redox reactions in metabolism. Its reduced form is NADH and oxidized form is NAD+.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate ATP is consumed in which of the four processes glycolysis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis.

Concept introduction: In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. Two ATP molecules and NADH reduced coenzymes are produced in the glycolysis pathway.

Gluconeogenesis is an eleven-step pathway in which glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenesis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose 6−phosphate to glycogen. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a molecule that is defined as the energy currency of life that provides energy to carry out the metabolic processes in the living cells.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate CO2 is involved in which of the four processes glycolysis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis.

Concept introduction: In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. Two ATP molecules and NADH reduced coenzymes are produced in the glycolysis pathway.

Gluconeogenesis is an eleven-step pathway in which glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenesis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose 6−phosphate to glycogen. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate H2O is a product in which of the four processes glycolysis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis.

Concept introduction: In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. Two ATP molecules and NADH reduced coenzymes are produced in the glycolysis pathway.

Gluconeogenesis is an eleven-step pathway in which glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenesis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose 6−phosphate to glycogen. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is associated with the redox reactions in metabolism. Its reduced form is NADH and oxidized form is NAD+.

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Identify and provide a brief explanation of Gas Chromatography (GC) within the context of chemical analysis of food. Incorporate the specific application name, provide a concise overview of sample preparation methods, outline instrumental parameters and conditions ultilized, and summarise the outcomes and findings achieved through this analytical approach.

Identify and provide a concise explanation of the concept of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the context of chemical analysis. Provide specific examples.

Identify and provide a concise explanation of a specific analytical instrument capable of detecting and quantifying trace compounds in food samples. Emphasise the instrumental capabilities relevant to trace compound analysis in the nominated food. Include the specific application name (eg: identification and quantification of mercury in salmon), outline a brief description of sample preparation procedures, and provide a summary of the obtained results from the analytical process.

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 24, Problem 24.94EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate NADH is consumed in which of the four processes glycolysis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis.

Concept introduction: In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. Two ATP molecules and NADH reduced coenzymes are produced in the glycolysis pathway.

Gluconeogenesis is an eleven-step pathway in which glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenesis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose 6−phosphate to glycogen. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is associated with the redox reactions in metabolism. Its reduced form is NADH and oxidized form is NAD+.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate ATP is consumed in which of the four processes glycolysis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis.

Concept introduction: In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. Two ATP molecules and NADH reduced coenzymes are produced in the glycolysis pathway.

Gluconeogenesis is an eleven-step pathway in which glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenesis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose 6−phosphate to glycogen. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a molecule that is defined as the energy currency of life that provides energy to carry out the metabolic processes in the living cells.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate CO2 is involved in which of the four processes glycolysis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis.

Concept introduction: In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. Two ATP molecules and NADH reduced coenzymes are produced in the glycolysis pathway.

Gluconeogenesis is an eleven-step pathway in which glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenesis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose 6−phosphate to glycogen. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate H2O is a product in which of the four processes glycolysis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis.

Concept introduction: In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. Two ATP molecules and NADH reduced coenzymes are produced in the glycolysis pathway.

Gluconeogenesis is an eleven-step pathway in which glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenesis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose 6−phosphate to glycogen. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is associated with the redox reactions in metabolism. Its reduced form is NADH and oxidized form is NAD+.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 24, Problem 24.94EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate NADH is consumed in which of the four processes glycolysis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis.

Concept introduction: In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. Two ATP molecules and NADH reduced coenzymes are produced in the glycolysis pathway.

Gluconeogenesis is an eleven-step pathway in which glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenesis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose 6−phosphate to glycogen. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is associated with the redox reactions in metabolism. Its reduced form is NADH and oxidized form is NAD+.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate ATP is consumed in which of the four processes glycolysis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis.

Concept introduction: In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. Two ATP molecules and NADH reduced coenzymes are produced in the glycolysis pathway.

Gluconeogenesis is an eleven-step pathway in which glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenesis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose 6−phosphate to glycogen. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a molecule that is defined as the energy currency of life that provides energy to carry out the metabolic processes in the living cells.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate CO2 is involved in which of the four processes glycolysis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis.

Concept introduction: In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. Two ATP molecules and NADH reduced coenzymes are produced in the glycolysis pathway.

Gluconeogenesis is an eleven-step pathway in which glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenesis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose 6−phosphate to glycogen. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate H2O is a product in which of the four processes glycolysis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis.

Concept introduction: In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. Two ATP molecules and NADH reduced coenzymes are produced in the glycolysis pathway.

Gluconeogenesis is an eleven-step pathway in which glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenesis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose 6−phosphate to glycogen. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is associated with the redox reactions in metabolism. Its reduced form is NADH and oxidized form is NAD+.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 24, Problem 24.94EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate NADH is consumed in which of the four processes glycolysis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis.

Concept introduction: In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. Two ATP molecules and NADH reduced coenzymes are produced in the glycolysis pathway.

Gluconeogenesis is an eleven-step pathway in which glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenesis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose 6−phosphate to glycogen. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is associated with the redox reactions in metabolism. Its reduced form is NADH and oxidized form is NAD+.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate ATP is consumed in which of the four processes glycolysis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis.

Concept introduction: In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. Two ATP molecules and NADH reduced coenzymes are produced in the glycolysis pathway.

Gluconeogenesis is an eleven-step pathway in which glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenesis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose 6−phosphate to glycogen. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a molecule that is defined as the energy currency of life that provides energy to carry out the metabolic processes in the living cells.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate CO2 is involved in which of the four processes glycolysis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis.

Concept introduction: In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. Two ATP molecules and NADH reduced coenzymes are produced in the glycolysis pathway.

Gluconeogenesis is an eleven-step pathway in which glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenesis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose 6−phosphate to glycogen. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate H2O is a product in which of the four processes glycolysis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis.

Concept introduction: In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. Two ATP molecules and NADH reduced coenzymes are produced in the glycolysis pathway.

Gluconeogenesis is an eleven-step pathway in which glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenesis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose 6−phosphate to glycogen. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is associated with the redox reactions in metabolism. Its reduced form is NADH and oxidized form is NAD+.

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Answer 5

Chapter 24, Problem 24.94EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate NADH is consumed in which of the four processes glycolysis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis.

Concept introduction: In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. Two ATP molecules and NADH reduced coenzymes are produced in the glycolysis pathway.

Gluconeogenesis is an eleven-step pathway in which glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenesis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose 6−phosphate to glycogen. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is associated with the redox reactions in metabolism. Its reduced form is NADH and oxidized form is NAD+.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate ATP is consumed in which of the four processes glycolysis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis.

Concept introduction: In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. Two ATP molecules and NADH reduced coenzymes are produced in the glycolysis pathway.

Gluconeogenesis is an eleven-step pathway in which glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenesis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose 6−phosphate to glycogen. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a molecule that is defined as the energy currency of life that provides energy to carry out the metabolic processes in the living cells.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate CO2 is involved in which of the four processes glycolysis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis.

Concept introduction: In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. Two ATP molecules and NADH reduced coenzymes are produced in the glycolysis pathway.

Gluconeogenesis is an eleven-step pathway in which glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenesis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose 6−phosphate to glycogen. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate H2O is a product in which of the four processes glycolysis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis.

Concept introduction: In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. Two ATP molecules and NADH reduced coenzymes are produced in the glycolysis pathway.

Gluconeogenesis is an eleven-step pathway in which glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenesis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose 6−phosphate to glycogen. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is associated with the redox reactions in metabolism. Its reduced form is NADH and oxidized form is NAD+.

Answer 6

Chapter 24, Problem 24.94EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate NADH is consumed in which of the four processes glycolysis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis.

Concept introduction: In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. Two ATP molecules and NADH reduced coenzymes are produced in the glycolysis pathway.

Gluconeogenesis is an eleven-step pathway in which glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenesis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose 6−phosphate to glycogen. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is associated with the redox reactions in metabolism. Its reduced form is NADH and oxidized form is NAD+.

Answer 7

Chapter 24, Problem 24.94EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate NADH is consumed in which of the four processes glycolysis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis.

Concept introduction: In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. Two ATP molecules and NADH reduced coenzymes are produced in the glycolysis pathway.

Gluconeogenesis is an eleven-step pathway in which glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenesis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose 6−phosphate to glycogen. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is associated with the redox reactions in metabolism. Its reduced form is NADH and oxidized form is NAD+.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate ATP is consumed in which of the four processes glycolysis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis.

Concept introduction: In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. Two ATP molecules and NADH reduced coenzymes are produced in the glycolysis pathway.

Gluconeogenesis is an eleven-step pathway in which glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenesis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose 6−phosphate to glycogen. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a molecule that is defined as the energy currency of life that provides energy to carry out the metabolic processes in the living cells.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate ATP is consumed in which of the four processes glycolysis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis.

Concept introduction: In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. Two ATP molecules and NADH reduced coenzymes are produced in the glycolysis pathway.

Gluconeogenesis is an eleven-step pathway in which glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenesis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose 6−phosphate to glycogen. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a molecule that is defined as the energy currency of life that provides energy to carry out the metabolic processes in the living cells.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate CO2 is involved in which of the four processes glycolysis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis.

Concept introduction: In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. Two ATP molecules and NADH reduced coenzymes are produced in the glycolysis pathway.

Gluconeogenesis is an eleven-step pathway in which glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenesis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose 6−phosphate to glycogen. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate CO2 is involved in which of the four processes glycolysis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis.

Concept introduction: In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. Two ATP molecules and NADH reduced coenzymes are produced in the glycolysis pathway.

Gluconeogenesis is an eleven-step pathway in which glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenesis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose 6−phosphate to glycogen. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate H2O is a product in which of the four processes glycolysis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis.

Concept introduction: In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. Two ATP molecules and NADH reduced coenzymes are produced in the glycolysis pathway.

Gluconeogenesis is an eleven-step pathway in which glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenesis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose 6−phosphate to glycogen. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is associated with the redox reactions in metabolism. Its reduced form is NADH and oxidized form is NAD+.

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: To indicate H2O is a product in which of the four processes glycolysis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis.

Concept introduction: In the glycolysis metabolic pathway, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. Two ATP molecules and NADH reduced coenzymes are produced in the glycolysis pathway.

Gluconeogenesis is an eleven-step pathway in which glucose is produced from non-carbohydrate substances. Glycogenesis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose 6−phosphate to glycogen. Glycogenolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glycogen to glucose 6−phosphate.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is associated with the redox reactions in metabolism. Its reduced form is NADH and oxidized form is NAD+.

Answer 14

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Answer 19

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Answer 24

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Answer 25

Ch. 24.1 - The primary site within the human body where...Ch. 24.1 - What is the first site within the human body where...Ch. 24.1 - What effect does gastric juice in the stomach have...Ch. 24.1 - Prob. 4QQ Ch. 24.1 - Which of the following substances is needed for...Ch. 24.2 - Prob. 1QQ Ch. 24.2 - Prob. 2QQ Ch. 24.2 - Prob. 3QQ Ch. 24.2 - Prob. 4QQ Ch. 24.2 - Prob. 5QQ

Solution Summary: The author explains that NADH is consumed in the four processes glycolysis, glycogenesis, and gluconeogenesis.

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Chapter 24 Solutions