Chapter 22.4, Problem 7P

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Considering the resonance structure, the reason that the given compounds are weaker base than aniline corresponding to the effect of the substituent is to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

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The major factors that contribute to the basic strength are $s$ character, inductive effect and polarity.

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The high percentage of $s$ character decreases the basicity, Positive inductive effect increases the basic strength of the compounds, whilenegative inductive effect decreases the basic strength of the compounds.

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An acidic substance in a reaction donates a proton, while a base in a reaction accepts a proton.

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The elimination of a proton leads to the formation of a conjugate base. If the base accepts a proton the species formed is known as conjugate acid.