An efficient synthesis for the given transformations has to be proposed. Concept Introduction : Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: The Friedel-Crafts alkylation involves the electrophilic substitution of alkyl groups on aromatic rings when arenes are treated with alkyl halides in presence of Lewis acids. This reaction is catalyzed by Lewis acids like anhydrous AlCl 3 , FeX 3, ZnCl 2 , BF 3 etc. Sandmeyer reaction : Sandmeyer reactions use copper salts as the reagents. Here, aryldiazonium salt is converted into aryl halides or aryl cyanides by using copper halides or copper cyanides. A compound containing an amino group is treated with sodium nitrite and HCl leading to the formation of diazonium salt . To find: Propose an efficient synthesis for the given transformation (a) Decide the transformation

Question

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 22.11, Problem 26CC

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: An efficient synthesis for the given transformations has to be proposed.

Concept Introduction:

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: The Friedel-Crafts alkylation involves the electrophilic substitution of alkyl groups on aromatic rings when arenes are treated with alkyl halides in presence of Lewis acids. This reaction is catalyzed by Lewis acids like anhydrous AlCl₃, FeX_3,ZnCl₂, BF₃ etc.

Sandmeyer reaction: Sandmeyer reactions use copper salts as the reagents. Here, aryldiazonium salt is converted into aryl halides or aryl cyanides by using copper halides or copper cyanides.

A compound containing an amino group is treated with sodium nitrite and HCl leading to the formation of diazonium salt.

To find: Propose an efficient synthesis for the given transformation (a)

Decide the transformation

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: An efficient synthesis for the given transformations has to be proposed.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophilic aromatic substitution: Electrophilic aromatic substitution is a reaction in which the hydrogen atom of an aromatic ring is replaced as a result of an electrophilic attack on the aromatic ring. Here are three general steps to an electrophilic aromatic substitution.

1) Generation of an electrophile

2) Attack of the electrophile on the aromatic ring, creating a resonance-stabilized carbocation called an arenium ion. It loses aromaticity in this step, so the energy of activation is high. Furthermore, this is the rate-determining step of the reaction because of the disruption of aromaticity. The arenium ion is a hybrid resonance structure. There are three general resonance contributors of an arenium ion.

3) Deprotonation of the arenium ion by a weak base to regain aromaticity.

Sandmeyer reaction: Sandmeyer reactions use copper salts as the reagents. Here, aryldiazonium salt is converted into aryl halides or aryl cyanides by using copper halides or copper cyanides.

A compound containing an amino group is treated with sodium nitrite and HCl leading to the formation of diazonium salt.

To find: Propose an efficient synthesis for the given transformation (b)

Apply a retrosynthetic analysis

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: An efficient synthesis for the given transformations has to be proposed.

Concept Introduction:

Friedel–Crafts Acylation: The Friedel–Crafts acylation is the reaction of an arene with acyl chlorides or anhydrides using a strong Lewis acid catalyst. This reaction proceeds via electrophilic aromatic substitution to form monoacylated products.

A compound containing an amino group is treated with sodium nitrite and HCl leading to the formation of diazonium salt.

To find: Propose an efficient synthesis for the given transformation (c)

Apply a retrosynthetic analysis

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: An efficient synthesis for the given transformations has to be proposed.

Concept Introduction:

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: The Friedel-Crafts alkylation involves the electrophilic substitution of alkyl groups on aromatic rings when arenes are treated with alkyl halides in presence of Lewis acids. This reaction is catalyzed by Lewis acids like anhydrous AlCl₃, FeX_3,ZnCl₂, BF₃ etc.

Sandmeyer reaction: Sandmeyer reactions use copper salts as the reagents. Here, aryldiazonium salt is converted into aryl halides or aryl cyanides by using copper halides or copper cyanides.

A compound containing an amino group is treated with sodium nitrite and HCl leading to the formation of diazonium salt.

To find: Propose an efficient synthesis for the given transformation (d)

Apply a retrosynthetic analysis

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: An efficient synthesis for the given transformations has to be proposed.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophilic aromatic substitution: Electrophilic aromatic substitution is a reaction in which the hydrogen atom of an aromatic ring is replaced as a result of an electrophilic attack on the aromatic ring. Here are three general steps to an electrophilic aromatic substitution.

1) Generation of an electrophile

2) Attack of the electrophile on the aromatic ring, creating a resonance-stabilized carbocation called an arenium ion. It loses aromaticity in this step, so the energy of activation is high. Furthermore, this is the rate-determining step of the reaction because of the disruption of aromaticity. The arenium ion is a hybrid resonance structure. There are three general resonance contributors of an arenium ion.

3) Deprotonation of the arenium ion by a weak base to regain aromaticity.

Schiemann reaction: It is the reaction in which diazonium salt is converted into fluoro group using fluoroboric acid (HBF₄).

A compound containing an amino group is treated with sodium nitrite and HCl leading to the formation of diazonium salt.

To find: Propose an efficient synthesis for the given transformation (e)

Apply a retrosynthetic analysis

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: An efficient synthesis for the given transformations has to be proposed.

Concept Introduction:

Sandmeyer reaction: Sandmeyer reactions use copper salts as the reagents. Here, aryldiazonium salt is converted into aryl halides or aryl cyanides by using copper halides or copper cyanides.

A compound containing an amino group is treated with sodium nitrite and HCl leading to the formation of diazonium salt.

To find: Propose an efficient synthesis for the given transformation (f)

Perform elimination-addition process

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Students have asked these similar questions

There is an instrument in Johnson 334 that measures total-reflectance x-ray fluorescence (TXRF) to do elemental analysis (i.e., determine what elements are present in a sample). A researcher is preparing a to measure calcium content in a series of well water samples by TXRF with an internal standard of vanadium (atomic symbol: V). She has prepared a series of standard solutions to ensure a linear instrument response over the expected Ca concentration range of 40-80 ppm. The concentrations of Ca and V (ppm) and the instrument response (peak area, arbitrary units) are shown below. Also included is a sample spectrum. Equation 1 describes the response factor, K, relating the analyte signal (SA) and the standard signal (SIS) to their respective concentrations (CA and CIS). Ca, ppm V, ppm SCa, arb. units SV, arb. units 20.0 10.0 14375.11 14261.02 40.0 10.0 36182.15 17997.10 60.0 10.0 39275.74 12988.01 80.0 10.0 57530.75 14268.54 100.0…

A mixture of 0.568 M H₂O, 0.438 M Cl₂O, and 0.710 M HClO are enclosed in a vessel at 25 °C. H₂O(g) + C₁₂O(g) = 2 HOCl(g) K = 0.0900 at 25°C с Calculate the equilibrium concentrations of each gas at 25 °C. [H₂O]= [C₁₂O]= [HOCI]= M Σ M

What units (if any) does the response factor (K) have? Does the response factor (K) depend upon how the concentration is expressed (e.g. molarity, ppm, ppb, etc.)?

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 22.11, Problem 26CC

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: An efficient synthesis for the given transformations has to be proposed.

Concept Introduction:

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: The Friedel-Crafts alkylation involves the electrophilic substitution of alkyl groups on aromatic rings when arenes are treated with alkyl halides in presence of Lewis acids. This reaction is catalyzed by Lewis acids like anhydrous AlCl₃, FeX_3,ZnCl₂, BF₃ etc.

Sandmeyer reaction: Sandmeyer reactions use copper salts as the reagents. Here, aryldiazonium salt is converted into aryl halides or aryl cyanides by using copper halides or copper cyanides.

A compound containing an amino group is treated with sodium nitrite and HCl leading to the formation of diazonium salt.

To find: Propose an efficient synthesis for the given transformation (a)

Decide the transformation

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: An efficient synthesis for the given transformations has to be proposed.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophilic aromatic substitution: Electrophilic aromatic substitution is a reaction in which the hydrogen atom of an aromatic ring is replaced as a result of an electrophilic attack on the aromatic ring. Here are three general steps to an electrophilic aromatic substitution.

1) Generation of an electrophile

2) Attack of the electrophile on the aromatic ring, creating a resonance-stabilized carbocation called an arenium ion. It loses aromaticity in this step, so the energy of activation is high. Furthermore, this is the rate-determining step of the reaction because of the disruption of aromaticity. The arenium ion is a hybrid resonance structure. There are three general resonance contributors of an arenium ion.

3) Deprotonation of the arenium ion by a weak base to regain aromaticity.

Sandmeyer reaction: Sandmeyer reactions use copper salts as the reagents. Here, aryldiazonium salt is converted into aryl halides or aryl cyanides by using copper halides or copper cyanides.

A compound containing an amino group is treated with sodium nitrite and HCl leading to the formation of diazonium salt.

To find: Propose an efficient synthesis for the given transformation (b)

Apply a retrosynthetic analysis

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: An efficient synthesis for the given transformations has to be proposed.

Concept Introduction:

Friedel–Crafts Acylation: The Friedel–Crafts acylation is the reaction of an arene with acyl chlorides or anhydrides using a strong Lewis acid catalyst. This reaction proceeds via electrophilic aromatic substitution to form monoacylated products.

A compound containing an amino group is treated with sodium nitrite and HCl leading to the formation of diazonium salt.

To find: Propose an efficient synthesis for the given transformation (c)

Apply a retrosynthetic analysis

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: An efficient synthesis for the given transformations has to be proposed.

Concept Introduction:

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: The Friedel-Crafts alkylation involves the electrophilic substitution of alkyl groups on aromatic rings when arenes are treated with alkyl halides in presence of Lewis acids. This reaction is catalyzed by Lewis acids like anhydrous AlCl₃, FeX_3,ZnCl₂, BF₃ etc.

Sandmeyer reaction: Sandmeyer reactions use copper salts as the reagents. Here, aryldiazonium salt is converted into aryl halides or aryl cyanides by using copper halides or copper cyanides.

A compound containing an amino group is treated with sodium nitrite and HCl leading to the formation of diazonium salt.

To find: Propose an efficient synthesis for the given transformation (d)

Apply a retrosynthetic analysis

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: An efficient synthesis for the given transformations has to be proposed.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophilic aromatic substitution: Electrophilic aromatic substitution is a reaction in which the hydrogen atom of an aromatic ring is replaced as a result of an electrophilic attack on the aromatic ring. Here are three general steps to an electrophilic aromatic substitution.

1) Generation of an electrophile

2) Attack of the electrophile on the aromatic ring, creating a resonance-stabilized carbocation called an arenium ion. It loses aromaticity in this step, so the energy of activation is high. Furthermore, this is the rate-determining step of the reaction because of the disruption of aromaticity. The arenium ion is a hybrid resonance structure. There are three general resonance contributors of an arenium ion.

3) Deprotonation of the arenium ion by a weak base to regain aromaticity.

Schiemann reaction: It is the reaction in which diazonium salt is converted into fluoro group using fluoroboric acid (HBF₄).

A compound containing an amino group is treated with sodium nitrite and HCl leading to the formation of diazonium salt.

To find: Propose an efficient synthesis for the given transformation (e)

Apply a retrosynthetic analysis

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: An efficient synthesis for the given transformations has to be proposed.

Concept Introduction:

Sandmeyer reaction: Sandmeyer reactions use copper salts as the reagents. Here, aryldiazonium salt is converted into aryl halides or aryl cyanides by using copper halides or copper cyanides.

A compound containing an amino group is treated with sodium nitrite and HCl leading to the formation of diazonium salt.

To find: Propose an efficient synthesis for the given transformation (f)

Perform elimination-addition process

Expert Solution & Answer

Want to see the full answer?

Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 3

Question

Chapter 22.11, Problem 26CC

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: An efficient synthesis for the given transformations has to be proposed.

Concept Introduction:

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: The Friedel-Crafts alkylation involves the electrophilic substitution of alkyl groups on aromatic rings when arenes are treated with alkyl halides in presence of Lewis acids. This reaction is catalyzed by Lewis acids like anhydrous AlCl₃, FeX_3,ZnCl₂, BF₃ etc.

Sandmeyer reaction: Sandmeyer reactions use copper salts as the reagents. Here, aryldiazonium salt is converted into aryl halides or aryl cyanides by using copper halides or copper cyanides.

A compound containing an amino group is treated with sodium nitrite and HCl leading to the formation of diazonium salt.

To find: Propose an efficient synthesis for the given transformation (a)

Decide the transformation

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: An efficient synthesis for the given transformations has to be proposed.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophilic aromatic substitution: Electrophilic aromatic substitution is a reaction in which the hydrogen atom of an aromatic ring is replaced as a result of an electrophilic attack on the aromatic ring. Here are three general steps to an electrophilic aromatic substitution.

1) Generation of an electrophile

2) Attack of the electrophile on the aromatic ring, creating a resonance-stabilized carbocation called an arenium ion. It loses aromaticity in this step, so the energy of activation is high. Furthermore, this is the rate-determining step of the reaction because of the disruption of aromaticity. The arenium ion is a hybrid resonance structure. There are three general resonance contributors of an arenium ion.

3) Deprotonation of the arenium ion by a weak base to regain aromaticity.

Sandmeyer reaction: Sandmeyer reactions use copper salts as the reagents. Here, aryldiazonium salt is converted into aryl halides or aryl cyanides by using copper halides or copper cyanides.

A compound containing an amino group is treated with sodium nitrite and HCl leading to the formation of diazonium salt.

To find: Propose an efficient synthesis for the given transformation (b)

Apply a retrosynthetic analysis

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: An efficient synthesis for the given transformations has to be proposed.

Concept Introduction:

Friedel–Crafts Acylation: The Friedel–Crafts acylation is the reaction of an arene with acyl chlorides or anhydrides using a strong Lewis acid catalyst. This reaction proceeds via electrophilic aromatic substitution to form monoacylated products.

A compound containing an amino group is treated with sodium nitrite and HCl leading to the formation of diazonium salt.

To find: Propose an efficient synthesis for the given transformation (c)

Apply a retrosynthetic analysis

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: An efficient synthesis for the given transformations has to be proposed.

Concept Introduction:

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: The Friedel-Crafts alkylation involves the electrophilic substitution of alkyl groups on aromatic rings when arenes are treated with alkyl halides in presence of Lewis acids. This reaction is catalyzed by Lewis acids like anhydrous AlCl₃, FeX_3,ZnCl₂, BF₃ etc.

Sandmeyer reaction: Sandmeyer reactions use copper salts as the reagents. Here, aryldiazonium salt is converted into aryl halides or aryl cyanides by using copper halides or copper cyanides.

A compound containing an amino group is treated with sodium nitrite and HCl leading to the formation of diazonium salt.

To find: Propose an efficient synthesis for the given transformation (d)

Apply a retrosynthetic analysis

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: An efficient synthesis for the given transformations has to be proposed.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophilic aromatic substitution: Electrophilic aromatic substitution is a reaction in which the hydrogen atom of an aromatic ring is replaced as a result of an electrophilic attack on the aromatic ring. Here are three general steps to an electrophilic aromatic substitution.

1) Generation of an electrophile

2) Attack of the electrophile on the aromatic ring, creating a resonance-stabilized carbocation called an arenium ion. It loses aromaticity in this step, so the energy of activation is high. Furthermore, this is the rate-determining step of the reaction because of the disruption of aromaticity. The arenium ion is a hybrid resonance structure. There are three general resonance contributors of an arenium ion.

3) Deprotonation of the arenium ion by a weak base to regain aromaticity.

Schiemann reaction: It is the reaction in which diazonium salt is converted into fluoro group using fluoroboric acid (HBF₄).

A compound containing an amino group is treated with sodium nitrite and HCl leading to the formation of diazonium salt.

To find: Propose an efficient synthesis for the given transformation (e)

Apply a retrosynthetic analysis

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: An efficient synthesis for the given transformations has to be proposed.

Concept Introduction:

Sandmeyer reaction: Sandmeyer reactions use copper salts as the reagents. Here, aryldiazonium salt is converted into aryl halides or aryl cyanides by using copper halides or copper cyanides.

A compound containing an amino group is treated with sodium nitrite and HCl leading to the formation of diazonium salt.

To find: Propose an efficient synthesis for the given transformation (f)

Perform elimination-addition process

Expert Solution & Answer

Want to see the full answer?

Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 4

Question

Chapter 22.11, Problem 26CC

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: An efficient synthesis for the given transformations has to be proposed.

Concept Introduction:

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: The Friedel-Crafts alkylation involves the electrophilic substitution of alkyl groups on aromatic rings when arenes are treated with alkyl halides in presence of Lewis acids. This reaction is catalyzed by Lewis acids like anhydrous AlCl₃, FeX_3,ZnCl₂, BF₃ etc.

Sandmeyer reaction: Sandmeyer reactions use copper salts as the reagents. Here, aryldiazonium salt is converted into aryl halides or aryl cyanides by using copper halides or copper cyanides.

A compound containing an amino group is treated with sodium nitrite and HCl leading to the formation of diazonium salt.

To find: Propose an efficient synthesis for the given transformation (a)

Decide the transformation

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: An efficient synthesis for the given transformations has to be proposed.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophilic aromatic substitution: Electrophilic aromatic substitution is a reaction in which the hydrogen atom of an aromatic ring is replaced as a result of an electrophilic attack on the aromatic ring. Here are three general steps to an electrophilic aromatic substitution.

1) Generation of an electrophile

2) Attack of the electrophile on the aromatic ring, creating a resonance-stabilized carbocation called an arenium ion. It loses aromaticity in this step, so the energy of activation is high. Furthermore, this is the rate-determining step of the reaction because of the disruption of aromaticity. The arenium ion is a hybrid resonance structure. There are three general resonance contributors of an arenium ion.

3) Deprotonation of the arenium ion by a weak base to regain aromaticity.

Sandmeyer reaction: Sandmeyer reactions use copper salts as the reagents. Here, aryldiazonium salt is converted into aryl halides or aryl cyanides by using copper halides or copper cyanides.

A compound containing an amino group is treated with sodium nitrite and HCl leading to the formation of diazonium salt.

To find: Propose an efficient synthesis for the given transformation (b)

Apply a retrosynthetic analysis

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: An efficient synthesis for the given transformations has to be proposed.

Concept Introduction:

Friedel–Crafts Acylation: The Friedel–Crafts acylation is the reaction of an arene with acyl chlorides or anhydrides using a strong Lewis acid catalyst. This reaction proceeds via electrophilic aromatic substitution to form monoacylated products.

A compound containing an amino group is treated with sodium nitrite and HCl leading to the formation of diazonium salt.

To find: Propose an efficient synthesis for the given transformation (c)

Apply a retrosynthetic analysis

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: An efficient synthesis for the given transformations has to be proposed.

Concept Introduction:

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: The Friedel-Crafts alkylation involves the electrophilic substitution of alkyl groups on aromatic rings when arenes are treated with alkyl halides in presence of Lewis acids. This reaction is catalyzed by Lewis acids like anhydrous AlCl₃, FeX_3,ZnCl₂, BF₃ etc.

Sandmeyer reaction: Sandmeyer reactions use copper salts as the reagents. Here, aryldiazonium salt is converted into aryl halides or aryl cyanides by using copper halides or copper cyanides.

A compound containing an amino group is treated with sodium nitrite and HCl leading to the formation of diazonium salt.

To find: Propose an efficient synthesis for the given transformation (d)

Apply a retrosynthetic analysis

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: An efficient synthesis for the given transformations has to be proposed.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophilic aromatic substitution: Electrophilic aromatic substitution is a reaction in which the hydrogen atom of an aromatic ring is replaced as a result of an electrophilic attack on the aromatic ring. Here are three general steps to an electrophilic aromatic substitution.

1) Generation of an electrophile

2) Attack of the electrophile on the aromatic ring, creating a resonance-stabilized carbocation called an arenium ion. It loses aromaticity in this step, so the energy of activation is high. Furthermore, this is the rate-determining step of the reaction because of the disruption of aromaticity. The arenium ion is a hybrid resonance structure. There are three general resonance contributors of an arenium ion.

3) Deprotonation of the arenium ion by a weak base to regain aromaticity.

Schiemann reaction: It is the reaction in which diazonium salt is converted into fluoro group using fluoroboric acid (HBF₄).

A compound containing an amino group is treated with sodium nitrite and HCl leading to the formation of diazonium salt.

To find: Propose an efficient synthesis for the given transformation (e)

Apply a retrosynthetic analysis

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: An efficient synthesis for the given transformations has to be proposed.

Concept Introduction:

Sandmeyer reaction: Sandmeyer reactions use copper salts as the reagents. Here, aryldiazonium salt is converted into aryl halides or aryl cyanides by using copper halides or copper cyanides.

A compound containing an amino group is treated with sodium nitrite and HCl leading to the formation of diazonium salt.

To find: Propose an efficient synthesis for the given transformation (f)

Perform elimination-addition process

Expert Solution & Answer

Want to see the full answer?

Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 5

Chapter 22.11, Problem 26CC

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: An efficient synthesis for the given transformations has to be proposed.

Concept Introduction:

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: The Friedel-Crafts alkylation involves the electrophilic substitution of alkyl groups on aromatic rings when arenes are treated with alkyl halides in presence of Lewis acids. This reaction is catalyzed by Lewis acids like anhydrous AlCl₃, FeX_3,ZnCl₂, BF₃ etc.

Sandmeyer reaction: Sandmeyer reactions use copper salts as the reagents. Here, aryldiazonium salt is converted into aryl halides or aryl cyanides by using copper halides or copper cyanides.

A compound containing an amino group is treated with sodium nitrite and HCl leading to the formation of diazonium salt.

To find: Propose an efficient synthesis for the given transformation (a)

Decide the transformation

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: An efficient synthesis for the given transformations has to be proposed.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophilic aromatic substitution: Electrophilic aromatic substitution is a reaction in which the hydrogen atom of an aromatic ring is replaced as a result of an electrophilic attack on the aromatic ring. Here are three general steps to an electrophilic aromatic substitution.

1) Generation of an electrophile

2) Attack of the electrophile on the aromatic ring, creating a resonance-stabilized carbocation called an arenium ion. It loses aromaticity in this step, so the energy of activation is high. Furthermore, this is the rate-determining step of the reaction because of the disruption of aromaticity. The arenium ion is a hybrid resonance structure. There are three general resonance contributors of an arenium ion.

3) Deprotonation of the arenium ion by a weak base to regain aromaticity.

Sandmeyer reaction: Sandmeyer reactions use copper salts as the reagents. Here, aryldiazonium salt is converted into aryl halides or aryl cyanides by using copper halides or copper cyanides.

A compound containing an amino group is treated with sodium nitrite and HCl leading to the formation of diazonium salt.

To find: Propose an efficient synthesis for the given transformation (b)

Apply a retrosynthetic analysis

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: An efficient synthesis for the given transformations has to be proposed.

Concept Introduction:

Friedel–Crafts Acylation: The Friedel–Crafts acylation is the reaction of an arene with acyl chlorides or anhydrides using a strong Lewis acid catalyst. This reaction proceeds via electrophilic aromatic substitution to form monoacylated products.

A compound containing an amino group is treated with sodium nitrite and HCl leading to the formation of diazonium salt.

To find: Propose an efficient synthesis for the given transformation (c)

Apply a retrosynthetic analysis

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: An efficient synthesis for the given transformations has to be proposed.

Concept Introduction:

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: The Friedel-Crafts alkylation involves the electrophilic substitution of alkyl groups on aromatic rings when arenes are treated with alkyl halides in presence of Lewis acids. This reaction is catalyzed by Lewis acids like anhydrous AlCl₃, FeX_3,ZnCl₂, BF₃ etc.

Sandmeyer reaction: Sandmeyer reactions use copper salts as the reagents. Here, aryldiazonium salt is converted into aryl halides or aryl cyanides by using copper halides or copper cyanides.

A compound containing an amino group is treated with sodium nitrite and HCl leading to the formation of diazonium salt.

To find: Propose an efficient synthesis for the given transformation (d)

Apply a retrosynthetic analysis

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: An efficient synthesis for the given transformations has to be proposed.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophilic aromatic substitution: Electrophilic aromatic substitution is a reaction in which the hydrogen atom of an aromatic ring is replaced as a result of an electrophilic attack on the aromatic ring. Here are three general steps to an electrophilic aromatic substitution.

1) Generation of an electrophile

2) Attack of the electrophile on the aromatic ring, creating a resonance-stabilized carbocation called an arenium ion. It loses aromaticity in this step, so the energy of activation is high. Furthermore, this is the rate-determining step of the reaction because of the disruption of aromaticity. The arenium ion is a hybrid resonance structure. There are three general resonance contributors of an arenium ion.

3) Deprotonation of the arenium ion by a weak base to regain aromaticity.

Schiemann reaction: It is the reaction in which diazonium salt is converted into fluoro group using fluoroboric acid (HBF₄).

A compound containing an amino group is treated with sodium nitrite and HCl leading to the formation of diazonium salt.

To find: Propose an efficient synthesis for the given transformation (e)

Apply a retrosynthetic analysis

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: An efficient synthesis for the given transformations has to be proposed.

Concept Introduction:

Sandmeyer reaction: Sandmeyer reactions use copper salts as the reagents. Here, aryldiazonium salt is converted into aryl halides or aryl cyanides by using copper halides or copper cyanides.

A compound containing an amino group is treated with sodium nitrite and HCl leading to the formation of diazonium salt.

To find: Propose an efficient synthesis for the given transformation (f)

Perform elimination-addition process

Answer 6

Chapter 22.11, Problem 26CC

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: An efficient synthesis for the given transformations has to be proposed.

Concept Introduction:

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: The Friedel-Crafts alkylation involves the electrophilic substitution of alkyl groups on aromatic rings when arenes are treated with alkyl halides in presence of Lewis acids. This reaction is catalyzed by Lewis acids like anhydrous AlCl₃, FeX_3,ZnCl₂, BF₃ etc.

Sandmeyer reaction: Sandmeyer reactions use copper salts as the reagents. Here, aryldiazonium salt is converted into aryl halides or aryl cyanides by using copper halides or copper cyanides.

A compound containing an amino group is treated with sodium nitrite and HCl leading to the formation of diazonium salt.

To find: Propose an efficient synthesis for the given transformation (a)

Decide the transformation

Answer 7

Chapter 22.11, Problem 26CC

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: An efficient synthesis for the given transformations has to be proposed.

Concept Introduction:

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: The Friedel-Crafts alkylation involves the electrophilic substitution of alkyl groups on aromatic rings when arenes are treated with alkyl halides in presence of Lewis acids. This reaction is catalyzed by Lewis acids like anhydrous AlCl₃, FeX_3,ZnCl₂, BF₃ etc.

Sandmeyer reaction: Sandmeyer reactions use copper salts as the reagents. Here, aryldiazonium salt is converted into aryl halides or aryl cyanides by using copper halides or copper cyanides.

A compound containing an amino group is treated with sodium nitrite and HCl leading to the formation of diazonium salt.

To find: Propose an efficient synthesis for the given transformation (a)

Decide the transformation

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: An efficient synthesis for the given transformations has to be proposed.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophilic aromatic substitution: Electrophilic aromatic substitution is a reaction in which the hydrogen atom of an aromatic ring is replaced as a result of an electrophilic attack on the aromatic ring. Here are three general steps to an electrophilic aromatic substitution.

1) Generation of an electrophile

2) Attack of the electrophile on the aromatic ring, creating a resonance-stabilized carbocation called an arenium ion. It loses aromaticity in this step, so the energy of activation is high. Furthermore, this is the rate-determining step of the reaction because of the disruption of aromaticity. The arenium ion is a hybrid resonance structure. There are three general resonance contributors of an arenium ion.

3) Deprotonation of the arenium ion by a weak base to regain aromaticity.

Sandmeyer reaction: Sandmeyer reactions use copper salts as the reagents. Here, aryldiazonium salt is converted into aryl halides or aryl cyanides by using copper halides or copper cyanides.

A compound containing an amino group is treated with sodium nitrite and HCl leading to the formation of diazonium salt.

To find: Propose an efficient synthesis for the given transformation (b)

Apply a retrosynthetic analysis

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: An efficient synthesis for the given transformations has to be proposed.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophilic aromatic substitution: Electrophilic aromatic substitution is a reaction in which the hydrogen atom of an aromatic ring is replaced as a result of an electrophilic attack on the aromatic ring. Here are three general steps to an electrophilic aromatic substitution.

1) Generation of an electrophile

2) Attack of the electrophile on the aromatic ring, creating a resonance-stabilized carbocation called an arenium ion. It loses aromaticity in this step, so the energy of activation is high. Furthermore, this is the rate-determining step of the reaction because of the disruption of aromaticity. The arenium ion is a hybrid resonance structure. There are three general resonance contributors of an arenium ion.

3) Deprotonation of the arenium ion by a weak base to regain aromaticity.

Sandmeyer reaction: Sandmeyer reactions use copper salts as the reagents. Here, aryldiazonium salt is converted into aryl halides or aryl cyanides by using copper halides or copper cyanides.

A compound containing an amino group is treated with sodium nitrite and HCl leading to the formation of diazonium salt.

To find: Propose an efficient synthesis for the given transformation (b)

Apply a retrosynthetic analysis

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: An efficient synthesis for the given transformations has to be proposed.

Concept Introduction:

Friedel–Crafts Acylation: The Friedel–Crafts acylation is the reaction of an arene with acyl chlorides or anhydrides using a strong Lewis acid catalyst. This reaction proceeds via electrophilic aromatic substitution to form monoacylated products.

A compound containing an amino group is treated with sodium nitrite and HCl leading to the formation of diazonium salt.

To find: Propose an efficient synthesis for the given transformation (c)

Apply a retrosynthetic analysis

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: An efficient synthesis for the given transformations has to be proposed.

Concept Introduction:

Friedel–Crafts Acylation: The Friedel–Crafts acylation is the reaction of an arene with acyl chlorides or anhydrides using a strong Lewis acid catalyst. This reaction proceeds via electrophilic aromatic substitution to form monoacylated products.

A compound containing an amino group is treated with sodium nitrite and HCl leading to the formation of diazonium salt.

To find: Propose an efficient synthesis for the given transformation (c)

Apply a retrosynthetic analysis

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: An efficient synthesis for the given transformations has to be proposed.

Concept Introduction:

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: The Friedel-Crafts alkylation involves the electrophilic substitution of alkyl groups on aromatic rings when arenes are treated with alkyl halides in presence of Lewis acids. This reaction is catalyzed by Lewis acids like anhydrous AlCl₃, FeX_3,ZnCl₂, BF₃ etc.

Sandmeyer reaction: Sandmeyer reactions use copper salts as the reagents. Here, aryldiazonium salt is converted into aryl halides or aryl cyanides by using copper halides or copper cyanides.

A compound containing an amino group is treated with sodium nitrite and HCl leading to the formation of diazonium salt.

To find: Propose an efficient synthesis for the given transformation (d)

Apply a retrosynthetic analysis

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: An efficient synthesis for the given transformations has to be proposed.

Concept Introduction:

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation: The Friedel-Crafts alkylation involves the electrophilic substitution of alkyl groups on aromatic rings when arenes are treated with alkyl halides in presence of Lewis acids. This reaction is catalyzed by Lewis acids like anhydrous AlCl₃, FeX_3,ZnCl₂, BF₃ etc.

Sandmeyer reaction: Sandmeyer reactions use copper salts as the reagents. Here, aryldiazonium salt is converted into aryl halides or aryl cyanides by using copper halides or copper cyanides.

A compound containing an amino group is treated with sodium nitrite and HCl leading to the formation of diazonium salt.

To find: Propose an efficient synthesis for the given transformation (d)

Apply a retrosynthetic analysis

Answer 14

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: An efficient synthesis for the given transformations has to be proposed.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophilic aromatic substitution: Electrophilic aromatic substitution is a reaction in which the hydrogen atom of an aromatic ring is replaced as a result of an electrophilic attack on the aromatic ring. Here are three general steps to an electrophilic aromatic substitution.

1) Generation of an electrophile

2) Attack of the electrophile on the aromatic ring, creating a resonance-stabilized carbocation called an arenium ion. It loses aromaticity in this step, so the energy of activation is high. Furthermore, this is the rate-determining step of the reaction because of the disruption of aromaticity. The arenium ion is a hybrid resonance structure. There are three general resonance contributors of an arenium ion.

3) Deprotonation of the arenium ion by a weak base to regain aromaticity.

Schiemann reaction: It is the reaction in which diazonium salt is converted into fluoro group using fluoroboric acid (HBF₄).

A compound containing an amino group is treated with sodium nitrite and HCl leading to the formation of diazonium salt.

To find: Propose an efficient synthesis for the given transformation (e)

Apply a retrosynthetic analysis

Answer 15

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: An efficient synthesis for the given transformations has to be proposed.

Concept Introduction:

Electrophilic aromatic substitution: Electrophilic aromatic substitution is a reaction in which the hydrogen atom of an aromatic ring is replaced as a result of an electrophilic attack on the aromatic ring. Here are three general steps to an electrophilic aromatic substitution.

1) Generation of an electrophile

2) Attack of the electrophile on the aromatic ring, creating a resonance-stabilized carbocation called an arenium ion. It loses aromaticity in this step, so the energy of activation is high. Furthermore, this is the rate-determining step of the reaction because of the disruption of aromaticity. The arenium ion is a hybrid resonance structure. There are three general resonance contributors of an arenium ion.

3) Deprotonation of the arenium ion by a weak base to regain aromaticity.

Schiemann reaction: It is the reaction in which diazonium salt is converted into fluoro group using fluoroboric acid (HBF₄).

A compound containing an amino group is treated with sodium nitrite and HCl leading to the formation of diazonium salt.

To find: Propose an efficient synthesis for the given transformation (e)

Apply a retrosynthetic analysis

Answer 16

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: An efficient synthesis for the given transformations has to be proposed.

Concept Introduction:

Sandmeyer reaction: Sandmeyer reactions use copper salts as the reagents. Here, aryldiazonium salt is converted into aryl halides or aryl cyanides by using copper halides or copper cyanides.

A compound containing an amino group is treated with sodium nitrite and HCl leading to the formation of diazonium salt.

To find: Propose an efficient synthesis for the given transformation (f)

Perform elimination-addition process

Answer 17

(f)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: An efficient synthesis for the given transformations has to be proposed.

Concept Introduction:

Sandmeyer reaction: Sandmeyer reactions use copper salts as the reagents. Here, aryldiazonium salt is converted into aryl halides or aryl cyanides by using copper halides or copper cyanides.

A compound containing an amino group is treated with sodium nitrite and HCl leading to the formation of diazonium salt.

To find: Propose an efficient synthesis for the given transformation (f)

Perform elimination-addition process

Answer 18

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 19

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 20

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Answer 21

Ch. 22.2 - Prob. 1LTS Ch. 22.2 - Prob. 1PTS Ch. 22.2 - Prob. 2PTS Ch. 22.3 - Prob. 4CC Ch. 22.3 - Prob. 5CC Ch. 22.3 - Prob. 6CC Ch. 22.3 - Prob. 7CC Ch. 22.3 - Prob. 8CC Ch. 22.3 - Prob. 9CC Ch. 22.4 - Prob. 10CC

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Chapter 22 Solutions