Hexylamines have to be synthesized from various starting compounds. Concept Introduction : The general formula for hexylamine is C 6 H 13 NH 2 . There are several methods available to prepare primary amines . Among them, Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing it. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps. Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation) Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide. Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S N 2 nucleophilic substitution The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S N 2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion. Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 22, Problem 46PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Hexylamines have to be synthesized from various starting compounds.

Concept Introduction: The general formula for hexylamine is C₆H₁₃NH₂. There are several methods available to prepare primary amines. Among them, Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing it. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Hexylamines have to be synthesized from various starting compounds.

Concept Introduction: The general formula for hexylamine is C₆H₁₃NH₂. There are several methods available to prepare primary amines. Among them, Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing it. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Hexylamines have to be synthesized from various starting compounds.

Concept Introduction: The general formula for hexylamine is C₆H₁₃NH₂. There are several methods available to prepare primary amines. Among them, Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing it. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Hexylamines have to be synthesized from various starting compounds.

Concept Introduction: The general formula for hexylamine is C₆H₁₃NH₂. There are several methods available to prepare primary amines. Among them, Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing it. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

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Experiment 1 Data Table 1: Conservation of Mass - Initial Mass Data Table 1 Data Table 2 Data Table 3 Data Table 4 Panel 1 Photo 1 Data Table 5 Reaction Mass of test tube and 5.0% HC₂H₂O2 (g) # (A) (B) Mass of NaHCO, (g) Mass of balloon and NaHCO, (g) (C) 0.10 1 0829 14.38g 0.20 2 0.929 14.29g 0.35 1.00g 3 14.25g 0.50 1.14g 14.29 Experiment 1 Data Table 2: Moles of HC2H3O2 Reaction Volume of Mass of Moles of HC₂H₂O₂ 5.0% Vinegar (g) (ML) 5.0 0.25 0042 mol 2 5.0 0.25 0042 mol 3 5.0 0.25 0042 mol 5.0 0.25 0042 mol Experiment 1 Data Table 3: Moles of NaHCO3 Reaction Mass of NaHCO (g) 10g 20g 35g 50g Experiment 1 Data Table 4: Theoretical Yield of CO₂ Reaction # 1 2 3 Experiment 1 Total mass before reaction (g) (D=A+C) 15.29 15.21g 15.25g 15.349 Exercise 1 Data Table 1 Data Table 2 Data Table 3 Data Table 4 Panel 1 Photo 1 Data Table 5 Exercise 1- Data Table 1 Data Table 2 DataTable 3 Data Table 4 Panel 1 Photo 1 Data Table 5 Exercise 1- Moles of NaHCO 0012 mol 0025 mol 0044 mol 0062 mol…

The chemical reaction you investigated is a two-step reaction. What type of reaction occurs in each step? How did you determine your answer?

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 22, Problem 46PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Hexylamines have to be synthesized from various starting compounds.

Concept Introduction: The general formula for hexylamine is C₆H₁₃NH₂. There are several methods available to prepare primary amines. Among them, Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing it. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Hexylamines have to be synthesized from various starting compounds.

Concept Introduction: The general formula for hexylamine is C₆H₁₃NH₂. There are several methods available to prepare primary amines. Among them, Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing it. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Hexylamines have to be synthesized from various starting compounds.

Concept Introduction: The general formula for hexylamine is C₆H₁₃NH₂. There are several methods available to prepare primary amines. Among them, Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing it. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Hexylamines have to be synthesized from various starting compounds.

Concept Introduction: The general formula for hexylamine is C₆H₁₃NH₂. There are several methods available to prepare primary amines. Among them, Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing it. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 22, Problem 46PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Hexylamines have to be synthesized from various starting compounds.

Concept Introduction: The general formula for hexylamine is C₆H₁₃NH₂. There are several methods available to prepare primary amines. Among them, Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing it. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Hexylamines have to be synthesized from various starting compounds.

Concept Introduction: The general formula for hexylamine is C₆H₁₃NH₂. There are several methods available to prepare primary amines. Among them, Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing it. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Hexylamines have to be synthesized from various starting compounds.

Concept Introduction: The general formula for hexylamine is C₆H₁₃NH₂. There are several methods available to prepare primary amines. Among them, Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing it. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Hexylamines have to be synthesized from various starting compounds.

Concept Introduction: The general formula for hexylamine is C₆H₁₃NH₂. There are several methods available to prepare primary amines. Among them, Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing it. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 22, Problem 46PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Hexylamines have to be synthesized from various starting compounds.

Concept Introduction: The general formula for hexylamine is C₆H₁₃NH₂. There are several methods available to prepare primary amines. Among them, Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing it. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Hexylamines have to be synthesized from various starting compounds.

Concept Introduction: The general formula for hexylamine is C₆H₁₃NH₂. There are several methods available to prepare primary amines. Among them, Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing it. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Hexylamines have to be synthesized from various starting compounds.

Concept Introduction: The general formula for hexylamine is C₆H₁₃NH₂. There are several methods available to prepare primary amines. Among them, Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing it. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Hexylamines have to be synthesized from various starting compounds.

Concept Introduction: The general formula for hexylamine is C₆H₁₃NH₂. There are several methods available to prepare primary amines. Among them, Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing it. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

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Answer 5

Chapter 22, Problem 46PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Hexylamines have to be synthesized from various starting compounds.

Concept Introduction: The general formula for hexylamine is C₆H₁₃NH₂. There are several methods available to prepare primary amines. Among them, Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing it. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Hexylamines have to be synthesized from various starting compounds.

Concept Introduction: The general formula for hexylamine is C₆H₁₃NH₂. There are several methods available to prepare primary amines. Among them, Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing it. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Hexylamines have to be synthesized from various starting compounds.

Concept Introduction: The general formula for hexylamine is C₆H₁₃NH₂. There are several methods available to prepare primary amines. Among them, Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing it. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Hexylamines have to be synthesized from various starting compounds.

Concept Introduction: The general formula for hexylamine is C₆H₁₃NH₂. There are several methods available to prepare primary amines. Among them, Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing it. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

Answer 6

Chapter 22, Problem 46PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Hexylamines have to be synthesized from various starting compounds.

Concept Introduction: The general formula for hexylamine is C₆H₁₃NH₂. There are several methods available to prepare primary amines. Among them, Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing it. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

Answer 7

Chapter 22, Problem 46PP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Hexylamines have to be synthesized from various starting compounds.

Concept Introduction: The general formula for hexylamine is C₆H₁₃NH₂. There are several methods available to prepare primary amines. Among them, Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing it. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

Answer 8

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Hexylamines have to be synthesized from various starting compounds.

Concept Introduction: The general formula for hexylamine is C₆H₁₃NH₂. There are several methods available to prepare primary amines. Among them, Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing it. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

Answer 9

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Hexylamines have to be synthesized from various starting compounds.

Concept Introduction: The general formula for hexylamine is C₆H₁₃NH₂. There are several methods available to prepare primary amines. Among them, Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing it. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

Answer 10

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Hexylamines have to be synthesized from various starting compounds.

Concept Introduction: The general formula for hexylamine is C₆H₁₃NH₂. There are several methods available to prepare primary amines. Among them, Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing it. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

Answer 11

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Hexylamines have to be synthesized from various starting compounds.

Concept Introduction: The general formula for hexylamine is C₆H₁₃NH₂. There are several methods available to prepare primary amines. Among them, Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing it. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

Answer 12

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Hexylamines have to be synthesized from various starting compounds.

Concept Introduction: The general formula for hexylamine is C₆H₁₃NH₂. There are several methods available to prepare primary amines. Among them, Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing it. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

Answer 13

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: Hexylamines have to be synthesized from various starting compounds.

Concept Introduction: The general formula for hexylamine is C₆H₁₃NH₂. There are several methods available to prepare primary amines. Among them, Gabriel synthesis plays a very important role for preparing it. In this method, secondary and tertiary amines are not formed as side products. It involves in three steps.

Step-1: Formation of potassium phthalimide (deprotonation)

Potassium phthalimide in alkaline KOH acts as the reagent which has negatively charged phthalimide. It is formed by the reaction between phthalimide and potassium hydroxide.

Step-2: Formation of R−N bond by S_N2 nucleophilic substitution

The negative charged nitrogen atom in phthalimide can easily attract the positive side of R−X. In primary alkyl halides (R−X), R and X get positive and negative charges, respectively when they ionize. As a result, a bond between nitrogen of phthalimide and carbon of R is formed. This is S_N2 nucleophilic substitution reaction. Halogen atom is going away as halide anion.

Step-3: Formation of primary amine by hydrolysis

The resultant product further goes for hydrolysis using hydrazine as the reagent. This reaction also follows nucleophilic substitution reaction. Finally, primary amine is formed with a side product of hydrazine derivative.

Answer 14

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Answer 15

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 16

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Answer 17

Ch. 22.2 - Prob. 1LTS Ch. 22.2 - Prob. 1PTS Ch. 22.2 - Prob. 2PTS Ch. 22.3 - Prob. 4CC Ch. 22.3 - Prob. 5CC Ch. 22.3 - Prob. 6CC Ch. 22.3 - Prob. 7CC Ch. 22.3 - Prob. 8CC Ch. 22.3 - Prob. 9CC Ch. 22.4 - Prob. 10CC

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Chapter 22 Solutions