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Choose the best matching phrase in the right column for each of the terms in the left column.
| a. isogenic lines | 1. Fraternal |
| a. QTL | 2. blocks of association between variants at different loci |
| a. response to selection | 3. proportion of total |
| a. association mapping | 4. homozygous for all genomic regions |
| a. MZ twins | 5. genes contributing to complex traits |
| a. DZ twins | 6. Identical |
| a. congenic lines | 7. measure of evolution |
| a. linkage disequilibrium | 8. 0.5 for siblings |
| a. heritability | 9. takes advantage of recombination over the course of a population’s history |
| a. genetic relatedness | 10. contain introgressions |
a.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “isogenic lines” among the options given below.
| 1. Fraternal |
| 2. blocks of association between variants at different loci |
| 3. proportion of total phenotypic variance attributed to genetic variance |
| 4. homozygous for all genomic regions |
| 5. genes contributing to complex traits |
| 6. Identical |
| 7. measure of evolution |
| 8. 0.5 for siblings |
| 9. takes advantage of recombination over the course of a population’s history |
| 10. contain introgressions |
Introduction: An isogenic cell line can be defined as the cell line that is specifically engineered from the parental line through gene mutation.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
isogenic lines: homozygous for all genomic regions
Explanation of Solution
Isogenic lines are in some manner related to the lines that are non-genetically modified and from which genetically modified strains are developed.
a.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “QTL” among the options given below.
| 1. Fraternal |
| 2. blocks of association between variants at different loci |
| 3. proportion of total phenotypic variance attributed to genetic variance |
| 4. homozygous for all genomic regions |
| 5. genes contributing to complex traits |
| 6. Identical |
| 7. measure of evolution |
| 8. 0.5 for siblings |
| 9. takes advantage of recombination over the course of a population’s history |
| 10. contain introgressions |
Introduction: QTL stands for quantitative trait loci and is a section of DNA which correlates with the specific variations of quantitative trait.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
QTL: genes contributing to complex traits.
Explanation of Solution
QTL stands for Quantative Trait Loci. These are those segments of the DNA in which genes underlying a quantitative trait are considered. Hence, QTL relates to the genes that contribute towards different tratits.
a.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “response to selection” among the options given below.
| 1. Fraternal |
| 2. blocks of association between variants at different loci |
| 3. proportion of total phenotypic variance attributed to genetic variance |
| 4. homozygous for all genomic regions |
| 5. genes contributing to complex traits |
| 6. Identical |
| 7. measure of evolution |
| 8. 0.5 for siblings |
| 9. takes advantage of recombination over the course of a population’s history |
| 10. contain introgressions |
Introduction: Response to selection is associated with the type of advantages and the natural selection.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
response to selection: measure of evolution
Explanation of Solution
Response to various types of selection taking place in a species or in a community is shown as the evolution of the species. It changes the heritable characters over many generations.
a.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “association mapping” among the options given below.
| 1. Fraternal |
| 2. blocks of association between variants at different loci |
| 3. proportion of total phenotypic variance attributed to genetic variance |
| 4. homozygous for all genomic regions |
| 5. genes contributing to complex traits |
| 6. Identical |
| 7. measure of evolution |
| 8. 0.5 for siblings |
| 9. takes advantage of recombination over the course of a population’s history |
| 10. contain introgressions |
Introduction: Mapping can be defined as the methods that are used for the identification of gene locus.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
association mapping: takes advantage of recombination over the course of a population’s history.
Explanation of Solution
Mapping of loci contributing towards the quantitative trait is done by the method of association mapping. The process of association mapping takes advantage of linkage disequilibrium to link the phenotypes and the genotypes.
a.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “MZ twins” among the options given below.
| 1. Fraternal |
| 2. blocks of association between variants at different loci |
| 3. proportion of total phenotypic variance attributed to genetic variance |
| 4. homozygous for all genomic regions |
| 5. genes contributing to complex traits |
| 6. Identical |
| 7. measure of evolution |
| 8. 0.5 for siblings |
| 9. takes advantage of recombination over the course of a population’s history |
| 10. contain introgressions |
Introduction:
Monozygotic twins are those that are produced with the help of single zygote and possesses similar features.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
MZ twins: identical
Explanation of Solution
An embryo developed by separation of a single zygote gives rise to monozygotic twins. These twins are identical to each other in all aspects, genetically as well as phenotypically.
a.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “DZ twins” among the options given below.
| 1. Fraternal |
| 2. blocks of association between variants at different loci |
| 3. proportion of total phenotypic variance attributed to genetic variance |
| 4. homozygous for all genomic regions |
| 5. genes contributing to complex traits |
| 6. Identical |
| 7. measure of evolution |
| 8. 0.5 for siblings |
| 9. takes advantage of recombination over the course of a population’s history |
| 10. contain introgressions |
Introduction:
Fertilization leads to the development of the zygote. When two different eggs and sperms are involved in the process, it results in the development of dizygotic twins.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
DZ twins: fraternal
Explanation of Solution
Fertilization of two different eggs with the help of two different sperms gives rise to dizygotic twins. These twins are not identical to each other. Dizygotic embryos get implanted in the uterus at the same time. They are also known as fraternal twins.
a.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “congenic lines” among the options given below.
| 1. Fraternal |
| 2. blocks of association between variants at different loci |
| 3. proportion of total phenotypic variance attributed to genetic variance |
| 4. homozygous for all genomic regions |
| 5. genes contributing to complex traits |
| 6. Identical |
| 7. measure of evolution |
| 8. 0.5 for siblings |
| 9. takes advantage of recombination over the course of a population’s history |
| 10. contain introgressions |
Introduction:
The congenic types of strains are developed in the laboratory conditions by the process of mating of two different inbred strains.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
congenic lines: contains introgressions
Explanation of Solution
Organisms having genetic difference only at a single locus relates to the congenic lines.
a.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “linkage disequilibrium” among the options given below.
| 1. Fraternal |
| 2. blocks of association between variants at different loci |
| 3. proportion of total phenotypic variance attributed to genetic variance |
| 4. homozygous for all genomic regions |
| 5. genes contributing to complex traits |
| 6. Identical |
| 7. measure of evolution |
| 8. 0.5 for siblings |
| 9. takes advantage of recombination over the course of a population’s history |
| 10. contain introgressions |
Introduction:
The process of linkage and equilibrium of alleles are associated with the process of disequilibrium.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
linkage disequilibrium: blocks of association between variants at different loci
Explanation of Solution
Disequilibrium in the linkage and association of alleles at two or more loci are related to each other. It is the difference between the observed frequencies of a combination of two or more alleles that are present on different loci.
a.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “heritability” among the options given below.
| 1. Fraternal |
| 2. blocks of association between variants at different loci |
| 3. proportion of total phenotypic variance attributed to genetic variance |
| 4. homozygous for all genomic regions |
| 5. genes contributing to complex traits |
| 6. Identical |
| 7. measure of evolution |
| 8. 0.5 for siblings |
| 9. takes advantage of recombination over the course of a population’s history |
| 10. contain introgressions |
Introduction:
Heritability can be defined as the statistic unit in the field of genetics and breeding that helps in the estimation of degree of variation.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
heritability: proportion of phenotypic variance attributed to genetic variance
Explanation of Solution
The proportion of the phenotypic variance that to the variation in the genotype is given by heritability.
a.
To determine:
The phrase that describes “genetic relatedness” among the options given below.
| 1. Fraternal |
| 2. blocks of association between variants at different loci |
| 3. proportion of total phenotypic variance attributed to genetic variance |
| 4. homozygous for all genomic regions |
| 5. genes contributing to complex traits |
| 6. Identical |
| 7. measure of evolution |
| 8. 0.5 for siblings |
| 9. takes advantage of recombination over the course of a population’s history |
| 10. contain introgressions |
Introduction:
Proportion or amount of genes can be estimated with the help of quantitative estimation that are shared among two persons.
Answer to Problem 1P
Correct answer:
genetic relatedness: 0.5 for siblings
Explanation of Solution
Quantitative estimation for the proportion of genes that are shared between two individuals is given by genetic relatedness. In a family, siblings from the same parents have a 0.5 genetic relatedness.
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Chapter 22 Solutions
ND STONY BROOK UNIVERSITY LOOSELEAF GENETICS: FROM GENES TO GENOMES
- You will use the following scenario to answer a group of 5 questions. You have isolated a microbe from an environmental sample. The microbe has the ability to perform a new metabolic reaction at a very low temperature, so you are excited that it could be a new species. You have shipped your samples off for sequencing and are now waiting for the results. Out of curiosity (and maybe boredom...) you decide to test your culture for the Catalase and Oxidase enzymes. Upon testing your sample for catalase, you don't see any bubbles; however, you do see a color change to purple during the Oxidase test. What results can you conclude from this? O Catalase-/ Oxidase + O Catalase +/ Oxidase + Catalase + / Oxidase- O Catalase / Oxidase - O None of the abovearrow_forwardWhich of the following is not a strength of using 16S rRNA for phylogenetic analyses? OA. It's cheap OB. It's easy to do C. It can be used to identify all the way down to the strain level OD. Both A & B OE. None of the abovearrow_forwardWhy are molecular approaches important to the field of microbial taxonomy and phylogeny? Phylogenetic inferences based on molecular approaches provide the most robust analysis of microbial evolution currently available. It allows for the collection of a large and accurate dataset from many organisms Almost no fossil record was left by microbes when compared to plants and animals All of the above None of the abovearrow_forward
- You will use the following scenario to answer a group of 5 questions. You have isolated a microbe from an environmental sample. The microbe has the ability to perform a new metabolic reaction at a very low temperature, so you are excited that it could be a new species. You have already cultured it and gone through the plate isolation procedure. Before you ship your samples off for sequencing, you want to do one final check of the A260 ratios. You get back the following ratios: A260/280 ratio is 1.89; A260/230 is 2.01. These ratios are close enough to the accepted "pure" values so they could be considered "pure" and mostly (if not completely) free of contaminants from the PCR process. True Falsearrow_forwardYou will use the following scenario to answer a group of 5 questions. You have isolated a microbe from an environmental sample. The microbe has the ability to perform a new metabolic reaction at a very low temperature, so you are excited that it could be a new species. After receiving your sequence back from the sequencing lab, you feel that you have, in fact, discovered and isolated a new species. You ask a fellow labmate about how you should proceed, and he tells you the following is the proper way to introduce a new species for recognition: Cultures have to be sent to international culture collections. Then a paper must be published describing the new organism and providing a genus and species name. You recall learning about this in your Microbiology course in college. Is this information from your colleague true or false? True Falsearrow_forwardis often a good indication of phylogenetic relatedness in phenotypes. Life-cycle patterns Cleavage patterns O Gene expression O Morphological similarityarrow_forward
- Which of the following is a weakness of using 16S rRNA for phylogenetic analyses? It can only go down to the family and genus levels It takes months to complete O Both of the above O None of the abovearrow_forwardAn unrooted tree containing ten unrelated species can become rooted by adding a descendant group related to two of the species. an unrelated outgroup. O a distantly related outgroup. O a descendant related to only one of the species.arrow_forwardWhat is the most appropriate purpose of building a phylogenetic tree? They look awesome You can use a tree to compare morphological characteristics of organisms It can be used to establish and analyze evolutionary relationships between species All of the abovearrow_forward
- Which of the following sequencing techniques can identify down to the strain level? O Multilocus sequence typing Genomic fingerprinting Whole genome sequencing OSNP analysis All of the abovearrow_forwardWhat is the "gold standard" that is currently applied to species designations in microbiology? 97% between species: 50% among whole genome 90% between species: 75% among whole genome 99% between species; 97% among whole genome 97% between species: 70% among whole genome Onone of the abovearrow_forwardYou will use the following scenario to answer a group of 5 questions. You have isolated a microbe from an environmental sample. The microbe has the ability to perform a new metabolic reaction at a very low temperature, so you are excited that it could be a new species. You have decided to send your sample off for sequencing. You need to determine which type of sequencing to use for the preliminary identification of your species. You decide that, for now, you only need to be able to identify the family and genus levels. Which type of sequencing do you think is the most appropriate? O Genomic Fingerprinting O Whole Genome Sequencing O 16S rDNA Sequencing O DNA-DNA hybridization Nextarrow_forward
Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Co...BiologyISBN:9781305251052Author:Michael CummingsPublisher:Cengage Learning