Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781305389892
Author: Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 21.4, Problem 3SB
Summary Introduction
To review:
The allele that causes sickle-cell anemia is rare in human populations that are native to northern Europe.
Introduction:
HbS (sickle hemoglobin) allele encodes for the defective hemoglobin in humans. HbS allele differs from normal allele (HbA) by one amino acid. In HbS/HbS homozygotes, alleles form faulty hemoglobin, in which RBCs (red blood cells) acquire a sickle shape. Individuals containing HbS/HbS homozygotes die due to sickle cell anemia before reproducing. HbA/HbS heterozygotes offer great resistance to malaria by not allowing the
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Students have asked these similar questions
Why does sickle-cell anaemia persist in the human population when it is believed that the harmful alleles get eliminated from the population after a certain time?
The allele for sickle anemia is found at higher frequencies in central Africa than in other parts of the world. What are the advantage and disadvantages?
If, within specific regional populations over two thousand years ago, sickle-cell anemia killed those individuals born with it before they could reproduce to pass it on to offspring, how did it persist in these populations?
Group of answer choices
A-Because of late-onset of the disease.
B-Because it is cause by a virus and it spreads faster than people died.
C-Because of the basic principles of mendelian inheritance that result in some heterozygote "carrier" combinations.
D-Because malaria made it possible to survive sickle cell anemia since the parasite would carry oxygen on the blood cells with the mutated hemoglobin.
E-It does not persist. Natural selection removes the allele because people die from both malaria and sickle-cell anemia.
Chapter 21 Solutions
Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 21.1 - If a population of skunks includes some...Ch. 21.1 - Prob. 2SBCh. 21.1 - What factors contribute to phenotypic variation in...Ch. 21.2 - Prob. 1SBCh. 21.2 - Why is the Hardy-Weinberg principle considered a...Ch. 21.2 - Prob. 3SBCh. 21.3 - Which agents of microevolution tend to increase...Ch. 21.3 - Which mode of natural selection increases the...Ch. 21.3 - In what way is sexual selection like directional...Ch. 21.4 - How does the diploid condition protect harmful...
Ch. 21.4 - Prob. 2SBCh. 21.4 - Prob. 3SBCh. 21.5 - How can a biologist test whether a trait is...Ch. 21.5 - Why are most organisms adapted to the environments...Ch. 21 - The reason spontaneous mutations do not have an...Ch. 21 - The phenomenon in which chance events cause...Ch. 21 - Prob. 3TYKCh. 21 - Prob. 4TYKCh. 21 - Prob. 5TYKCh. 21 - Which of the following represents an example of...Ch. 21 - A population of mice is at HardyWeinberg...Ch. 21 - If the genotype frequencies in a population are...Ch. 21 - An Eastern European immigrant carrying the allele...Ch. 21 - If a storm kills many small sparrows in a...Ch. 21 - Prob. 11TYKCh. 21 - Discuss Concepts Many human diseases are caused by...Ch. 21 - Prob. 13TYKCh. 21 - Apply Evolutionary Thinking Captive breeding...Ch. 21 - Prob. 15TYKCh. 21 - Design an experiment to test the hypothesis that...Ch. 21 - Peter and Rosemary Grant of Princeton University...
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- In parts of equatorial Africa, where the malaria parasite is most common, the sickle-cell allele constitutes 20% of the ß-hemoglobin alleles in the human gene pool. The sickle cell trait provides an advantage against malaria compared to people with normal hemoglobin. In the United States, the parasite that causes malaria is not present, but African Americans whose ancestors were from equatorial Africa have the sickle-cell B- hemoglobin allele. These differences in traits illustrate O inclusive fitness because people have evolved molecular differences to adapt to environmental stimuli O inclusive fitness because ß-hemoglobin increases the proliferation of beneficial traits in the population O relative fitness because people have evolved molecular differences to an environmental pathogen O relative fitness because the molecular differences in ß-hemoglobin are passed to the next generationarrow_forwardWhich of the following mutations is only found in Haplogroup F? O T16223C O G16230A O T16304C O A16129G O C16311Tarrow_forwardDo you think the allele for sickle cell anemia would be common in regions where malaria did not exist? Explain why or why not.arrow_forward
- The allele of the gene responsible for the lung disorder, cystic fibrosis rose to prominence in Europe in the 1800s. Cystic fibrosis disease results from thick mucus accumulating in the lungs, which occurs in individuals who are homozygous for the CF allele. A pleiotropic effect is that heterozygous individuals are less likely to suffer from diarrhea. During the European cholera epidemics of the 1800s, resistance against diarrhea conferred a survival advantage such that approximately one in every 400 people in some European populations have cystic fibrosis. Fill in the table below with the genotype and allele frequencies for this 1 in 400 occurrence and provide the Hardy-Weinberg principle model you will be using. (Assume that individuals with the cystic fibrosis trait (CF) reproduce normally and that good sanitation means that there is currently no fitness advantage to diarrhea resistance.) phenotype CF DR normal (totals) Genotype cc Cc CC Number of Individuals 1 ______…arrow_forwardThe hemoglobin B gene (Hb) has a common allele (A) ofa SNP (rs334) that encodes the HbA form of (adult) hemoglobin and a rare allele (T ) that encodes the sicklingform of hemoglobin, HbS. Among 571 residents of a village in Nigeria, 440 were A/A and 129 were A/T, and 2were T/T individuals were observed. Use the χ2 test todetermine whether these observed genotypic frequencies fit Hardy–Weinberg expectations.arrow_forwardThe farmers in La Trinidad, Benguet have a remarkable ability to work in the cold without gloves and not suffer decreased skin blood flow. Does this prove that there is a genetic difference between the farmers in La Trinidad and the other people with regard to this characteristic?arrow_forward
- In recent years, the country of Zambia in Africa has had increasing cases of malaria. If 8 % of the population is born with a severe form of sickle-cell anemia (ss), what percentage of the population will be more resistant to malaria because they are heterozygous (Ss) for the sickle-cell gene, under the Hardy-Weinberg assumption?arrow_forwardOne explanation for the prevalence of the sickle cell anemia trait in the human population in Africa is homozygous individuals carrying the Val-6 mutation die from sickle cell anemia before they can be infected with malaria so it reduced the malarial incidence in Africa. mosquitoes prefer to drink blood from humans with the sickle cell anemia trait so the more people with the mutation, the more mosquitoes there are in the area. having sickle cell anemia makes one more susceptible to malaria so the two go hand in hand with one feeding the other. heterozygous individuals carrying the Val-6 mutation are less susceptible to malaria because their red blood cells are resistant to infection by the malarial parasite.arrow_forwardSickle cell anemia is a genetic disease most common in those of African ancestry that results from the mutation of a single basepair. This mutation results in a change to the hemoglobin protein. In this experiment, “S” will represent the normal allele and “s” thesickle allele. They are codominant alleles. Therefore, SS is normal, Ss is not fatal but mildly symptomatic, and ss is debilitating,painful, and often fatal. After hundreds or even thousands of generations, both alleles are still common in those of African ancestry. How would you explain this?arrow_forward
- The gene known to be mutated in cases of Agammaglobulinemia 2 (which is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern) is the immunoglobulin lambda like polypeptide 1 (IGLL1 ENSG00000128322). What is known about the gene is recorded here: http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Gene/Summary?g=ENSG00000128322;r=22:23573125-23580302 Please navigate to the link above to answer the following question: According to the web site above, how many phenotypes is IGLL1 associated with? ANSWER: IGLL1 is associated with Blank ... phenotypes.arrow_forwardThe gene known to be mutated in cases of Agammaglobulinemia 2 (which is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern) is the immunoglobulin lambda like polypeptide 1 (IGLL1 ENSG00000128322). What is known about the gene is recorded here: http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Gene/Summary?g=ENSG00000128322;r=22:23573125-23580302 Please navigate to the link above and click 'show transcript table' to answer the following question: What is the NCBI accession number (including the version) of the RefSeq Match for the transcript IGLL1-202? ANSWER: The NCBI accession number (including the version) of the RefSeq Match for the transcript IGLL1-202 is "Blank 1".arrow_forwardThe gene known to be mutated in cases of Agammaglobulinemia 2 (which is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern) is the immunoglobulin lambda like polypeptide 1 (IGLL1 ENSG00000128322). What is known about the gene is recorded here: http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Gene/Summary?g=ENSG00000128322;r=22:23573125-23580302 Please navigate to the link above and click, 'show transcript table', to answer the following question: What is the size in base pairs of the IGLL1 transcript named IGLL-202?arrow_forward
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