Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781305389892
Author: Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 21, Problem 14TYK
Apply Evolutionary Thinking Captive breeding programs for endangered species often have access to a limited supply of animals for a breeding stock. As a result, their offspring are at risk of being highly inbred. Why and how might
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A population of interbreeding birds has been split by a geological event after which the isolated part of the
population started to evolve into an incipient species with different mating rituals. Due to a recent environmental
change the two populations are now able to potentially mate again in what is called a hybrid zone. Mating does
take place every now and then but the hybrid offspring appear less able to survive. As a consequence, mating
rituals start to diverge even further. We call this process of continued divergence?
O Fusion
O Behavioral isolation
Reinforcement
O Postzygotic isolation
O Stability
please help
This type of experiment, where members of an outbred populations are introduced to an inbred population as mating partners, is sometimes called a “genetic rescue”. How might measuring the average heterozygosity at a number of loci in the Swedish snake population allow you to test whether the introduced snakes had actually bred successfully with the inbred Swedish snakes?
Chapter 21 Solutions
Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 21.1 - If a population of skunks includes some...Ch. 21.1 - Prob. 2SBCh. 21.1 - What factors contribute to phenotypic variation in...Ch. 21.2 - Prob. 1SBCh. 21.2 - Why is the Hardy-Weinberg principle considered a...Ch. 21.2 - Prob. 3SBCh. 21.3 - Which agents of microevolution tend to increase...Ch. 21.3 - Which mode of natural selection increases the...Ch. 21.3 - In what way is sexual selection like directional...Ch. 21.4 - How does the diploid condition protect harmful...
Ch. 21.4 - Prob. 2SBCh. 21.4 - Prob. 3SBCh. 21.5 - How can a biologist test whether a trait is...Ch. 21.5 - Why are most organisms adapted to the environments...Ch. 21 - The reason spontaneous mutations do not have an...Ch. 21 - The phenomenon in which chance events cause...Ch. 21 - Prob. 3TYKCh. 21 - Prob. 4TYKCh. 21 - Prob. 5TYKCh. 21 - Which of the following represents an example of...Ch. 21 - A population of mice is at HardyWeinberg...Ch. 21 - If the genotype frequencies in a population are...Ch. 21 - An Eastern European immigrant carrying the allele...Ch. 21 - If a storm kills many small sparrows in a...Ch. 21 - Prob. 11TYKCh. 21 - Discuss Concepts Many human diseases are caused by...Ch. 21 - Prob. 13TYKCh. 21 - Apply Evolutionary Thinking Captive breeding...Ch. 21 - Prob. 15TYKCh. 21 - Design an experiment to test the hypothesis that...Ch. 21 - Peter and Rosemary Grant of Princeton University...
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- Consider the following hypothetical scenario involving giraffes. A population of giraffes is composed of individuals of varying neck lengths, i.e., some giraffes have long necks, others have short necks, and some are in-between. Neck length in giraffes is a heritable trait, i.e., offspring have necks similar to their parents due to them inheriting genes from their parents. Within this population, there is competition for resources (leaves to eat). Long-necked giraffes are able to consume more leaves than short or medium-necked giraffes because they can reach leaves that are higher up in the canopy. Therefore, long-necked giraffes, in the current generation, have begun to survive and reproduce more often than giraffes with short or medium necks. https://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange1/current/lectures/selection/selection.html (you can also search “natural selection Michigan” to find this helpful website) If you read between the lines…the above paragraph tells…arrow_forwardWhat is inbreeding depression and why is it particularly a concern for conservation biology? A) It is a chemical imbalance in the brain of animals forced into close quarters, such as those rescued from the wild and placed in zoos. B) It is a situation where the frequency of an allele over time depends greatly upon its initial frequency, as such if populations are too small, the present alleles are at risk of being lost. C) It is a situation where offspring of genetic relatives have increased fitness, this occurs when populations of animals are large and they mate freely. D) It is a situation where offspring of genetic relatives have reduced fitness, this occurs when populations of animals become too small and they are thus likely to mate with closely related individuals.arrow_forwardThreatened species often have small, isolated populations where mating between relatives occurs. Let's assume one of these threatened species has a disease controlled by a gene that has two alleles A and a. Only individuals with two copies of the "a" allele have the disease and die before reproducing. Question: What are the effects of inbreeding on the frequency of the "a" allele, and the frequency of the disease in the population?arrow_forward
- The spotting pattern of a guppy is inherited. A spotting pattern that is easy to see in the environment helps a guppy attract a mate. Observe the changes in the image attached below that occurred over 15 generations. The setup happened at 2 aquariums one with fine gravel and no predator present and another with course gravel and no predator present. The guppy populations diverge in their spotting pattern because… A) the guppies that were easily seen successfully found mates and that spotting pattern increased in frequency. B) the guppies that were easily seen were found by predators and that spotting pattern increased in frequency in the following generations. C) the guppies changed their spotting pattern to avoid predators in their environment. D) the guppies changed their spotting pattern to attract mates in their environment.arrow_forwardIn the United States, the rare red wolf (Canis lupus) has been known to hybridize with coyotes (Canis latrans), which are much more numerous. Although red wolves and coyotes differ in terms of morphology, DNA, and behavior, genetic evidence suggests that living red wolf individuals are actually hybrids. Red wolves are designated as an endangered species and hence receive legal protection under the Endangered Species Act. Some people think that their endangered status should be withdrawn because the remaining red wolves are hybrids, not members of a "pure" species. Do you agree? Why or why not?arrow_forwardCongo Grey Parrots are an endangered species; they have grey feathers covering the body, with deep red red tail feathers. An international conservation agency is breeding these birds in an attempt to improve the population numbers. There are 100 parrots total, three of which have yellow tail feathers instead of the characteristic red tail feathers (exhibited by the rest of the parrots). What is the wild type tail color? What is the mutant tail color? red is wild type, yellow is mutant grey is wild type, red is mutant yellow is wild type, red is mutant O red is wild type, yellow is mutantarrow_forward
- The loss of genetic variability within populations is an important concern for conservation biologists when trying to conserve a species whose numbers have been greatly reduced due to loss of habitat. This is true for the example of the Bengal Tiger, Clemson’s mascot. This reduction of genetic variability in small populations affects their evolutionary potential. Which of the following are NOT potential consequences of the loss of genetic variability for tiger populations? A. Increased homozygosity can lead to the expression of deleterious recessive alleles B. Increases the ability of the population to adapt to changes in the environment C. Decreases the probability that the population can withstand a disease outbreak D. Increases the risk of extinction for the populationarrow_forwardWhen we take, say, 100 individuals of a species of beetle from the wild and place them in a new environment that is not so different that they are unable to thrive but different enough so that they are experiencing a new selective regime, say, a lower temperature, what typically happens? A - Sexual selection causes some larvae to be able to survive in the cooler temperatures and other individuals to be unable to survive because they need warmer temperatures. B - We are unable to measure phenotypic selection, presumably because we do not have much variation among individuals for how they handle temperature. C - The founder event assures us that the new population will be strictly representative of the source population (especially if we took all the 100 from the same location rather that from throughout the range of the species). D - The population evolves to be tolerant of the lower temperature; it can do this because of latent variation already in the 100 founding individuals. E -…arrow_forwardb) () Environment Good Por Corticosterones are often called "stress hormones." Corticosterone concentration in the body can increase when a mammal is experiencing long- term stress, which typically occurs when a mammal lives in a poor environment. The chart above plots the quality of the environment versus corticosterone levels. Two groups of inbred lab mice (C and D) were sampled twice, once in a good environment and once in a poor environment. Provide a possible explanation why members of Group C had higher corticosterone levels in the good environment but members of Group D had higher corticosterone levels in the poor environment. Corticosterone levelsarrow_forward
- Distinct species that are able to interbreed in nature are said to “hybridize,” and their offspring are called “hybrids.” The gray oak and the Gambel oak can mate to produce fertile hybrids in regions where they co-occur. However, the gene flow in nature is sufficiently limited that, overall, the two species remain phenotypically distinct. If the hybrid offspring survive well and reproduce to the extent that there is a large population of hybrid individuals that breed between themselves but do not interbreed with either of the two original parent species (the gray and the Gambel), which of the following would you say most likely led to the new hybrid species?(a) prezygotic reproductive barriers (b) sympatric speciation (c) allopatric speciation (d) postzygotic reproductive barriers (e) none of the abovearrow_forwardA population of toads in the desert has a range of body sizes. The smallest and largest toads are most successful at surviving dry periods. When they mate after heavy rains there are more small and large toads present at mating sites than there are medium toads. The toads mate randomly with respect to body size (i.e.large and small toads interbreed easily). Body size is a quantitative trait under genetic control. What do you expect to happen in this situation?arrow_forwardThe small remaining cheetah populations in the world are at risk of inbreeding depression . Which one or more of the following is true about inbreeding depression ? It is the result of reproduction in closely related individuals . It can increase the likelihood of recessive genetic diseases . It results in more variation in alleles . Answers a and b are both true . Answers a and d about both true .arrow_forward
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