Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation: To write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction of
Concept introduction:
Hydrolysis is a chemical process involving breaking a bond in a molecule using water. There are three types of hydrolysis; salt hydrolysis, acidic hydrolysis and basic hydrolysis. The
(b)
Interpretation: The molecular geometry of
Concept introduction: The ground state outer electronic configuration of Xenon atom is
According to VSEPR theory, the geometry is predicted by the minimizing the repulsions between electron-pairs in the bonds and lone-pairs of electrons. The VSEPR theory is written as,
(c)
Interpretation:
To determine the
Concept introduction:
The
The change of enthalpy to form one mole of a substance from its constituent elements with all substances in the standard form is known as standard enthalpy of formation.
The standard enthalpy of formation
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Chapter 21 Solutions
Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity
- 11.1047 Fluorine often reacts explosively. What does this fact suggest about fluorine reactions at the molecular level?arrow_forwardCompounds such as NaBH4, Al(BH4)3, and LiAlH4 are complex hydrides used as reducing agents in many syntheses. (a) Give the oxidation state of each element in these compounds. (b) Write a Lewis structure for the polyatomic anion in NaBH4, and predict its shape.arrow_forwardThe elements sodium, aluminum, and chlorine are in the same period. (a) Which has the greatest electronegativity? (b) Which of the atoms is smallest? (c) Which is the largest possible oxidation state for each of these elements? (d) Will the oxide of each element in the highest oxidation state (write its formula) be acidic, basic, or amphoteric?arrow_forward
- Diiodine pentaoxide (I₂O₅) was discovered by JosephGay-Lussac in 1813, but its structure was unknown until 1970!Like Cl₂O₇, it can be prepared by the dehydration-condensationof the corresponding oxoacid.(a) Name the precursor oxoacid, write a reaction for formation ofthe oxide, and draw a likely Lewis structure.(b) Data show that the bonds to the terminal O are shorter than the bonds to the bridging O. Why?(c) I₂O₅ is one of the few chemicals that can oxidize CO rapidly and completely; elemental iodine forms in the process. Write abalanced equation for this reaction.arrow_forward(b) Is boron a metal or a non-metal? Give reasons for your answer. (c) Why is aluminium a useful structural material even though it reacts readilywith water and oxygen? (d) What is the usual valence shown by elements of Group 13 in compounds?arrow_forwardWrite the Lewis structure for each of the following. You may wish to review the chapter on chemical bonding and molecular geometry.(a) PH3(b) PH4+(c) P2H4(d) PO43−(e) PF5arrow_forward
- (i) Write the electro-dot structures for sodium, oxygen, and magnesium(ii) Show the formation of Na2O and MgO by the transfer of electrons(iii) What are the ions present in these compounds?arrow_forwardQ.5(a) The alkali metals follow the noble gases in their atomic structure. What properties of these metals can be predicted from this information? (b) Arrange the carbonates of alkaline earth metals in order of thermal stability. (c) Explain the process involved in the manufacture of NaOH, Na2CO3 and NaHCO3. (d) Identify the element X in each of the following: (i) The oxide of XO2 has a high M.P., and is very abundant in nature. (ii) X forms three oxides: XO, XO2, X3O2. (iii) X forms compounds mainly in the +2 O.S., though some compounds in +4 state do exist. (iv) X occurs as several allotropes, including a molecular one. (e) Borazine reacts with three mole equivalents of HCl to give a material with chemical composition B3N3H9C13. (i) What is the structure of product? (ii) How does the isoelectronic benzene react with HCl? (f) Explain why bond length in NO (115 pm) is longer than that in nitrosonium ion (106 pm)?arrow_forwardDraw a Lewis structure for each species:(a) The cyclic silicate ion Si6O1812-(b) A cyclic hydrocarbon with formula C6H12arrow_forward
- The first three ionization energies of an element X are 900, 1745, and 14912 kJ·mol–1. What is the most likely formula for the stable ion of X?arrow_forward. For each of the following, draw the Lewis structure, predict the ONO bond angle, and give the hybridization of the nitrogen. You may wish to review the chapters on chemical bonding and advanced theories of covalent bonding for relevant examples. (a) NO2 (b) NO-2arrow_forwardCompounds such as NaBH4, Al(BH4)3, and LiAlH4 are complexhydrides used as reducing agents in many syntheses.(a) Give the oxidation state of each element in these compounds.(b) Write a Lewis structure for the polyatomic anion in NaBH4, and predict its shape.arrow_forward
- Chemistry: Principles and PracticeChemistryISBN:9780534420123Author:Daniel L. Reger, Scott R. Goode, David W. Ball, Edward MercerPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry for Engineering StudentsChemistryISBN:9781337398909Author:Lawrence S. Brown, Tom HolmePublisher:Cengage Learning