In 1816, Robert Stirling, a Scottish clergyman, patented the Stirling engine, which has found a wide variety of applications ever since, including current use in solar energy collectors to transform sunlight into electricity. Fuel is burned externally to warm one of the engine’s two cylinders. A fixed quantity of inert gas moves cyclically between the cylinders, expanding in the hot one and contracting in the cold one. Figure P21.33 represents a model for its thermodynamic cycle. Consider n moles of an ideal monatomic gas being taken once through the cycle, consisting of two isothermal processes at temperatures 3Ti and Ti and two constant-volume processes. Let us find the efficiency of this engine. (a) Find the energy transferred by heat into the gas during the isovolumetric process AB. (b) Find the energy transferred by heat into the gas during the isothermal process BC. (c) Find the energy transferred by heat into the gas during the isovolumetric process CD. (d) Find the energy transferred by heat into the gas during the isothermal process DA. (e) Identify which of the results from parts (a) through (d) are positive and evaluate the energy input to the engine by heat. (f) From the first law of
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- Figure P21.36 shows a cyclic thermodynamic process ABCA for an ideal gas. a. What is the net energy transferred into the system by heat during each cycle? b. What would be the net energy transferred into the system by heat if the cycle followed the path ACBA instead? FIGURE P21.36 FIGURE P21.37arrow_forwardFigure P22.73 illustrates the cycle ABCA for a 2.00-mol sample of an ideal diatomic gas, where the process CA is a reversible isothermal expansion. What is a. the net work done by the gas during one cycle? b. How much energy is added to the gas by heat during one cycle? c. How much energy is exhausted from the gas by heat during one cycle? d. What is the efficiency of the cycle? e. What would be the efficiency of a Carnot engine operated between the temperatures at points A and B during each cycle?arrow_forwardA thermodynamic cycle is shown in Figure P21.34 for a gas in a piston. The system changes states along the path ABCA. a. What is the total work done by the gas during this cycle? b. How much heat is transferred? Does heat flow into or out of the system? Figure P21.34arrow_forward
- A multicylinder gasoline engine in an airplane, operating at 2.50 103 rev/min, takes in energy 7.89 103 J and exhausts 4.58 103 J for each revolution of the crankshaft. (a) How many liters of fuel does it consume in 1.00 h of operation if the heat of combustion of the fuel is equal to 4.03 107 J/L? (b) What is the mechanical power output of the engine? Ignore friction and express the answer in horsepower. (c) What is the torque exerted by the crankshaft on the load? (d) What power must the exhaust and cooling system transfer out of the engine?arrow_forwardYou want to design an ideal Carnot heat engine that wastes only 35.0% of the heat that goes into it. The lowest cold-reservoir temperature available to you is +15.0°C. If 150.0 J of work is done per cycle, the heat input per cycle is closest to O 760 J O 231 J O 248 J O 203 J O 429 Jarrow_forwardIn 1816, Robert Stirling, a Scottish clergyman, patented the Stirling engine, which has found a wide variety of applications ever since, including current use in solar energy collectors to transform sunlight into electricity. Fuel is burned externally to warm one of the engine’s two cylinders. A fixed quantity of inert gas moves cyclically between the cylinders, expanding in the hot one and contracting in the cold one. Image shown represents a model for its thermodynamic cycle. Consider n moles of an ideal monatomic gas being taken once through the cycle, consisting of two isothermal processes at temperatures 3Ti and Ti and two constant-volume processes. Let us find the efficiency of this engine. (a) Find the energy transferred by heat into the gas during the isovolumetric process AB. (b) Find the energy transferred by heat into the gas during the isothermal process BC. (c) Find the energy transferred by heat into the gas during the isovolumetric process CD. (d) Find the energy…arrow_forward
- A P P₂ 2 1 Q23=O 3 P₁ V₁ V3 The closed cycle for a heat engine that uses a diatomic gas consists of the following three steps: 1 to 2 is an increase in pressure at constant volume, 2 to 3 is an adiabatic expansion, and 3 to 1 is a decrease in volume at constant pressure. Point 1 has V1 = 192 cm³, p1=118 kPa, and T1 = 287 K. Point 2 has V2 = 192 cm³, p2 = 527 kPa, and T2 = 1282 K. Point 3 has V3 = 559 cm³, p3=118 kPa, and T3 = 836 K. What is the thermal efficiency of this engine? 12.3 % 16.8 % 18.8% 20.2 % 22.8% 25.5 %arrow_forwardTqarrow_forwardYou design an engine that takes in 1.50x104 J of heat at 650 K in each cycle and rejects heat at a temperature of 290 K. The engine completes 240 cycles in 1 minute. What is the theoretical maximum power output of your engine, in horsepower? 1 Watt = 1 Joule/s = 0.00134102 horsepower 44.5 hp 15.0 hp 6.50 hp 2.90 hparrow_forward
- An ideal gas follows the thermodynamic path shown in the figure. From "A" to "B" the process is at constant pressure and 140kJ of heat flows into the system. From "B" to "C" the process is isothermal. From "C" to "D" the process is at constant pressure and 200kJ of heat flows out of the system. From "D" to "A" the process is adiabatic. Estimate the change in internal energy from "D" to "A" P 1 = 300,000 Pa P 2 = 100,000 V1 = 0.09m^3 V2 = 0.2m^3 V3 = 0.4m^3 V4 = 1.2m^3arrow_forwardOne of the consequences of the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics is: A. You can get the same amount of energy out of a process as you put in B. Two bodies are in thermal equilibrium when they have the same temperature C. You can get more energy out of a process than you put in D. The starting and finishing temperature of a cycle must be the same E. You can not get as much energy out of a process as you put inarrow_forwardThe pV diagram in (Figure 1) shows the cycle followed by the gas in an ideal-gas heat engine. 260 J of heat energy flow into gas from the hot reservoir during process 1→2. How much work is done during one cycle?arrow_forward
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