Genetic Analysis: An Integrated Approach (2nd Edition)
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9780321948908
Author: Mark F. Sanders, John L. Bowman
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 20, Problem 4P
Early development in Drosophila is atypical in that pattern formation takes place in a syncytial blastoderm, allowing free diffusion of transcription factors between nuclei. In many other animal species, the fertilized egg is divided by cellular cleavages into a larger and larger number of smaller and smaller cells.
a. What are the limitation that impose on the mechanisms of pattern formation?
b. How must the model that describes Drosophila development be modified for describing other animal species whose early development is not syncytial?
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Which of the following statement(s) is/are true with regard to positional information in Drosophila?
A. Morphogens are a type of molecule that conveys positional information.
B. Morphogenetic gradients are established only in the oocyte, prior to fertilization.
C. Cell adhesion molecules also provide a way for a cell to obtain positional information.
What is the difference between a maternal-effect gene and a zygotic gene? Of the following genes that play a role in Drosophila development, which are maternal-effect genes and which are zygotic? Explain your answer.
A. nanos
B. Antp
C. bicoid
D. lab
a. The eyeless gene is required for eye formation in Drosophila. It encodes a homeodomain. What would you predict about the biochemical function of the Eyeless protein?b. Where would you predict that the eyeless gene is expressed in development? How would you test your prediction? c. The Small eye and Aniridia genes of mice and humans, respectively, encode proteins with very strong sequence similarity to the fly Eyeless protein, and they are named for their effects on eye development. Devise one test to examine whether the mouse and human genes are functionally equivalent to the fly eyeless gene.
Chapter 20 Solutions
Genetic Analysis: An Integrated Approach (2nd Edition)
Ch. 20 - 18.1 Explain why many developmental genes encode...Ch. 20 - Bird beaks develop from an embryonic group of...Ch. 20 - 18.3 How is positional information provided along...Ch. 20 - Early development in Drosophila is atypical in...Ch. 20 - 18.5 Consider the evenskipped regulatory sequences...Ch. 20 - What is the difference between a parasegment and...Ch. 20 - Why do loss-of-function mutations in Hox genes...Ch. 20 - 18.8 Compare and contrast the specification of...Ch. 20 - Prob. 9PCh. 20 - Ablation of the anchor cell in wild type C....
Ch. 20 - 18.11 In gain-of-function and. elegans mutants,...Ch. 20 - Prob. 12PCh. 20 - Prob. 13PCh. 20 - 18.14 Given that maternal Bicoid activates the...Ch. 20 - What phenotypes do you expect in flies homozygous...Ch. 20 - The pair rule gene fushitarazu is expressed in...Ch. 20 - 18.17 In contrast to Drosophila, some insects...Ch. 20 - Prob. 18PCh. 20 - 18.19 You are traveling in the Netherlands and...Ch. 20 - 19.20 A powerful approach to identifying genes of...Ch. 20 - Prob. 21PCh. 20 - The Hoxd 913 genes are thought to specify digit...Ch. 20 - Three-spined stickleback fish live in lakes formed...Ch. 20 - In C. elegans there are two sexes: hermaphrodite...Ch. 20 - The flowering jungle plant Lacandoniaschismatica,...Ch. 20 - 18.24 Homeotic genes are thought to regulate each...Ch. 20 - Prob. 27PCh. 20 - Basidiomycota is a monophyletic group of fungi...Ch. 20 - In Drosophila, recessive mutations in the...
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Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- Figure 13-7 illustrates the expression of the Ultrabithorax(Ubx) Hox protein in developing flight appendages.What is the relationship between where the protein isexpressed and the phenotype resulting from the loss ofits expression (shown in Figure 13-1)?arrow_forwardDescribe the formation steps of the primary axis that first occurs during development in Drosophila by explaining each molecule.arrow_forwardDiscuss how the anterior portion of the anteroposterior axis is established in Drosophila. What aspects of oogenesis are critical in establishing this axis? What do you think would happen if the bicoid mRNA was not trapped at the anterior end but instead diffused freely throughout the oocyte?arrow_forward
- provide one example from the Drosophila AP toolkit for "Toolkit genes can be classified according to the phenotypes caused by their mutation. Similar mutant phenotypes often reflect genes that function in a single developmental pathway. Distinct pathways exist for the generation of body axes, for example, and for the formation and identity of fields."arrow_forwardAnother way to study the role of proteins (e.g., transcription factors) that function in development is to microinject the mRNA that encodes a protein, or the purified protein itself, into an oocyte or embryo, and then determine how this affects the subsequent development of the embryo, larva, and adult. For example, if Bicoid protein is injected into the posterior region of an oocyte, the resulting embryo will develop into a larva that has anterior structures at both ends. Based on your understanding of the function of each developmental gene, what would be the predicted phenotype if the following proteins or mRNAs were injected into normal oocytes? A. Nanos mRNA injected into the anterior end of an oocyte B. Antp protein injected into the posterior end of an embryo C. Toll mRNA injected into the dorsal side of an early embryoarrow_forwardExplain how loss-of-function mutations in the following categories of genes would affect the morphologies of Drosophila larvae: A. Gap genes B. Pair-rule genes C. Segment-polarity genesarrow_forward
- a) What is the role of the Hox genes in animal development and what types of phenotypes do you see in mutations of Hox genes? Provide an example of a mutant phenotype of a Hox gene in Drosophila. 3mrks The Hox genes are known to act in combination. Panel A in figure below shows the normal expression patterns of the bithorax complex, and segments that align with the expression patterns. Panel B shows the segmental phenotypes in mutants for both abdominal - A and Abdominal - B, panel C shows the phenotypes in mutants for Abdominal - B, and panel D shows the phenotypes in mutants for Ultrabithorax. b) Describe how the segmental phenotypes illustrate the combinatorial action of Hox genes (you can ignore A9 as it is patterned by the terminal patterning system). 4mrks A) Parasegments 11 12 13 14 B) D) 10 11 12 13 14 Segments A2 A3 A4 A5 Abdominal-B abdominal-A Ultrabithorax T1 12 13 A1 11 12 12 12 A2 A3 A4 Aarrow_forwardThe eyes of Drosophila develop from imaginal discs, groups of cells set aside in the fly embryo that differentiate into the adult structures during the pupal stage. Despite their importance in nature, eyes are dispensable for fruitfly life in the laboratory. Devise a genetic screen to identify genes directing development of the fly eye. What complications might arise from genetic screens targeting an organ that differentiates late in development?arrow_forwardExpression of a homeotic gene in the wrong tissue in Drosophila results in the development of an inappropriate body part from that tissue. Explain why this happens and how it shows that homeotic genes are positive regulators of developmental pathways.arrow_forward
- In flies developing from eggs laid by a nanos−mother, development of the abdomen is inhibited.Flies developing from eggs that have no maternallysupplied hunchback mRNA are normal. Flies developing from eggs laid by a nanos− mother that alsohave no maternally supplied hunchback mRNA arenormal. If too much Hunchback protein accumulatesin the posterior of the egg, abdominal developmentis prevented.a. What do these findings say about the function ofthe Nanos protein and of the hunchback maternallysupplied mRNA?b. What do these findings say about the efficiency ofbiological processes that are subject to evolution?arrow_forwardAs shown in Figure 13-26, the Sonic hedgehog gene is expressed in many places in a developing chicken. Is theidentical Sonic hedgehog protein expressed in each tissue? If so, how do the tissues develop into different structures? If not, how are different Sonic hedgehog proteinsproduced?arrow_forwarda) Do the loss of function phenotypes differ between the genes between the genes in figure 1? What does this mean? b) What are the two cell types responsible for producing maternal gene products involved in terminal patterning in the Drosophila cocyte? In which of these two cell types is each of the three genes expressed? c) Based on the phenotypes you observed for the three genes, and on the differences in their expression patterns, which one of the genes do you think is the localised determinant of terminal patterning? d❘ From the gain-of-function experiments, do trunk and torso like work upstream or downstream of torso? Explain. (4 m e) How might you test which of the trunk and torso-like genes acts upstream of the other? f) The torso gene has been shown to have another important role in Drosophila development outside of terminal patterning. What do you think would be a good first experiment to do to begin to investigate possible other roles for the trunk or torso - like genes? C a…arrow_forward
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