Concepts of Genetics (12th Edition)
12th Edition
ISBN: 9780134604718
Author: William S. Klug, Michael R. Cummings, Charlotte A. Spencer, Michael A. Palladino, Darrell Killian
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 2, Problem 31ESP
A species of cereal rye (Secale cereale) has a chromosome number of 14, while a species of Canadian wild rye (Elymus canadensis) has a chromosome number of 28. Sterile hybrids can be produced by crossing Secale with Elymus.
- (a) What would be the expected chromosome number in the somatic cells of the hybrids?
- (b) Given that none of the chromosomes pair at meiosis I in the sterile hybrid (Hang and Franckowlak, 1984), speculate on the anaphase I separation patterns of these chromosomes.
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Kuliev and Verlinsky (2004) state that there was a relatively high number of separation errors at meiosis I. In these cases the centromere underwent a premature division, occurring at meiosis I rather than meiosis II. Regarding chromosome 21, what would you expect to be the chromosome 21 complement in the secondary oocyte in which you saw a single chromatid (monad) for chromosome 21 in the first polar body? If this secondary oocyte was involved in fertilization, what would be the expected consequences?
A diploid species has 3 pairs of chromosomes in its somatic cells. In males, the first pair is large submetacentric[1]; the second is medium acrocentric[2], and the third is small telocentric[3]. In females, the first two pairs are like those of the males while the third is large metacentric[4][5], with satellite4 Illustrate the karyograms (drawing/picture of the chromosome) of the following:
A triploid cell in females
tetrasomic cell in males
tetraploid cell in females
[1] submetacentric --centrosome is just above the middle of the chromosome
[2] acrocentric --centrosome is much higher location than submetacentric so that the “p” arm of the chromosome is much shorter than the q arm
[3] telocentric --the centromere is at the end of the chromosome
[4] metacentric --centrosome is in the middle of the chromosome; thus the “p-arm” and the “q-arm” or both arms of the chromosome are equal in length
[5] satellite-a constriction in an arm of a chromosome, aside…
The New World cotton species Gossypium hirsutum has a 2n chromosome number of 52. The Old World species G. thurberi and G. herbaceum each have a 2n number of 26. When these species are crossed, the resulting hybrids show the following chromosome pairing arrangements at meiosis: Interpret these observations phylogenetically, using diagrams. Clearly indicate the relationships between the species. How would you prove that your interpretation is correct?(PICTURE ADDED)
Chapter 2 Solutions
Concepts of Genetics (12th Edition)
Ch. 2 - With the initial appearance of the feature we call...Ch. 2 - An organism has a diploid number of 16 in a...Ch. 2 - Examine Figure 2.12, which shows oogenesis in...Ch. 2 - Over a period of two years, a man in his early 20s...Ch. 2 - Over a period of two years, a man in his early 20s...Ch. 2 - Over a period of two years, a man in his early 20s...Ch. 2 - In this chapter, we focused on how chromosomes are...Ch. 2 - Review the Chapter Concepts list on page 14. All...Ch. 2 - What role do the following cellular components...Ch. 2 - Discuss the concepts of homologous chromosomes,...
Ch. 2 - If two chromosomes of a species are the same...Ch. 2 - Describe the events that characterize each stage...Ch. 2 - How are chromosomes named on the basis of their...Ch. 2 - Contrast telophase in plant and animal mitosis.Ch. 2 - Describe the phases of the cell cycle and the...Ch. 2 - Define and discuss these terms: (a) synapsis, (b)...Ch. 2 - Contrast the genetic content and the origin of...Ch. 2 - Given the end results of the two types of...Ch. 2 - Contrast spermatogenesis and oogenesis. What is...Ch. 2 - Explain why meiosis leads to significant genetic...Ch. 2 - A diploid cell contains three pairs of homologous...Ch. 2 - Considering Problem 15, predict the number of...Ch. 2 - During oogenesis in an animal species with a...Ch. 2 - What is the probability that, in an organism with...Ch. 2 - The nuclear DNA content of a single sperm cell in...Ch. 2 - Describe the role of meiosis in the life cycle of...Ch. 2 - Contrast the chromatin fiber with the mitotic...Ch. 2 - Describe the folded-fiber model of the mitotic...Ch. 2 - Prob. 23PDQCh. 2 - If one follows 50 primary oocytes in an animal...Ch. 2 - In mitosis, what chromatid combination(s) will be...Ch. 2 - During meiosis I, assuming no crossing over, what...Ch. 2 - Are there any possible combinations present during...Ch. 2 - Draw all possible combinations of chromatids...Ch. 2 - Assume that during meiosis I none of the C...Ch. 2 - Assume that each gamete resulting from Problem 29...Ch. 2 - A species of cereal rye (Secale cereale) has a...Ch. 2 - An interesting procedure has been applied for...Ch. 2 - Assume that you were examining a first polar body...Ch. 2 - Kuliev and Verlinsky (2004) state that there was a...
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- What is the advantage of genetic recombination, which is depicted in part (b)?arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements is true of a species that has a chromosome number of 2n = 36? a) A gamete from this species has eighteen chromosomes Ob) The species is diploid with 72 chromosomes per cell c) The species has 36 pairs of homologous chromosomes per cell Od) Each diploid cell has 18 chromosomesarrow_forwardIn a genetic laboratory, a plant species was subjected to radiation to produce chromosome mutations. The mutated plant was then inbred for many generations until it was true breeding for all of these mutations. It was then crossed to the original non-mutated plant, and the meiotic process of the F1 hybrids was examined. In the examination, a cell with a dicentric chromosome and an acentric fragment was noticed in anaphase I of the hybrid. (i) What kind of chromosomal mutation occurred in the irradiated plant? In your answer, indicate the position of the centromere. (ii) Diagram the alignment of the chromosomes during meiosis. Assume that the gene sequence in the original unirradiated plant is AB//CDEFGHIJK and the inverted region involved genes DEFGHI (double strokes indicate the position of the centromere). (ii) Diagram the results of a single crossover between homologous gene E and F in the inversion.arrow_forward
- An inversion heterozygote has the following inverted chromosome. (A diploid is represented in each case, with the two homologues of the chromosome in question.) [Note: "o" = centromere] A B C DE F G HI J fedcbghij (i) Draw the alignment of these chromosomes during meiosis. (ii) Draw the products of a single crossover between homologous genes C and D in the inversion. (iii) Considering the position of the centromere, what is the sort of inversion called?arrow_forwardAfter genetic selection, some originally diploid species can become triploid, like for example some banana trees, grapevines and molluscs. These organisms are mostly sterile because they produce nearly no gametes. a) Make a drawing showing the chomosomes of a triploid cell where n = 2. b) Make a diagram showing how a triploid individual can be produced.arrow_forwardWhich of the following is least likely to produce genetic variation in the offspring of an individual? (a) a DNA replication error caused by DNA polymerase in a body cell of the individual (b) a cross over event during meiosis that creates a new combination of alleles in the gametes (c) independent assortment of chromosomes during meiosis that creates a new combination of alleles in the gametes (d) the random fertilization of an egg cell by a sperm cell during sexual reproductionarrow_forward
- Discuss the following concepts: (a) homologous chromosomes x ½ = 2) (b) diploidy (c) haploidy Answer the following questions with either True or False. Provide a justification for your choice. (a) Alleles occupy different loci on homologous chromosomes.arrow_forwardIn rice, male sterility is controlled by maternal cytoplasmic elements. This phenotype renders the male part of rice plants (i.e. the stamen) unable to produce fertile pollen; the female parts, however, remain receptive to pollination by pollen from male fertile rice plants. However, the presence of a nuclear fertility restorer gene F restores fertility to male-sterile lines. Give the result(s) of the cross and explain the phenotype of the offspring.arrow_forwardA specific human individual with a male sex has the same sex chromosome complement as a metafemale Drosophila fly. Both individuals have a diploid set of autosomes.i) What is the sex chromosome complement of these two individuals? ii) If these individuals were produced from a fertilization event involving an abnormal egg and abnormal sperm cell, provide the genetic make-up of the two gametes? Clearly indicate the male and female gametes.arrow_forward
- 1) The daughter cells that result from Meiosis 1 are already haploid and unique a) Which even of Meiosis 1 results in the creation of Haploid cells? That is, why are momologous pairs of chromosomes absent in Meiosis 1 daughter cells? 2) The daughter cells are Haploid/Diploid (chose 1) because homologous pairs Are/Are Not ( chose 1) present in the same cell. The chromosomes in each daughter cells are Duplicate/Unduplicated (chose one) Please be briefarrow_forwardThe radish (Raphanus sativus) has a diploid number (2n) of 18. The cabbage (Brassica oleracia) also has a diploid number (2n) of 18. Why is it that if you cross these two species to produce a hybrid with a total of 18 chromosomes in its somatic cells it is sterile, but if you form an allotetraploid (also known as amphidiploid) from these two species it is fertile?arrow_forwardThe letters below represent genes found on different chromosome pairs. Letters that are similar represent one gene found in a pair of homologous chromosomes. Another letter represents another gene found in another pair of chromosomes. Draw how these different pairs of chromosomes behave during meiosis. (a) Cc (b)BbCC (c)DdEe (d) AAbbCc (e) AaBbCcDdarrow_forward
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