Essential Organic Chemistry, Global Edition
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9781292089034
Author: Paula Yurkanis Bruice
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 19.5, Problem 6P
The oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is an endergonic reaction, but the flow through this point in glycolysis proceeds smoothly. How is the unfavorable equilibrium constant overcome?
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5) The conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate in glycolysis has a AG"
value of 7.5 kJ/mol, so the reaction should be unfavorable.
a) Calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction, based on this AG" value and assuming a temperature of 37
°C.
b) For this reaction to occur spontaneously in the cell, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP) levels are kept low.
What is the value of AG if the concentration of GAP is kept at 1/100 that of the DHAP.
6) Energy can be harnessed as electrons move from compounds with low reduction potential to those with a
higher reduction potential. This happens many times in the electron transport chain, where O, ultimately accepts
the electrons. Using Table 3.6, determine the AG" for the transfer of electrons from glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
to produce H,0.
In the citric acid cycle, a - ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
catalyzes the reaction from a - ketoglutarate to Succinyl
CoA. Given this reaction, calculate for the enthalpy of
formation of the product using (a) Hess's Law, (b)
standard enthalpies of formation and (c) mean bond
enthalpies. Show your complete solution.
COA-S
OOC
CH2
CH2
+ NAD++ COA
+ CO2 + NADH
CH2
a-ketoglutarate
CH2
dehydrogenase
COO
a-ketoglutarate
COO
Succinyl CoA
A portion of the citric acid cycle is shown below. What are the
identities of A and B?
citrate → A→isocitrate → B
A = cis-aconitate; B = a-ketoglutarate
A = malate; B = fumarate
A = cis-aconitate; B = oxaloacetate
A = a-ketoglutarate; B = succinate
A = succinate; B = a-ketoglutarate
Chapter 19 Solutions
Essential Organic Chemistry, Global Edition
Ch. 19.4 - Prob. 1PCh. 19.4 - How many molecules of NADH are formed from the...Ch. 19.4 - Why does the OH group add to the -carbon rather...Ch. 19.5 - Prob. 4PCh. 19.5 - Prob. 5PCh. 19.5 - The oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to...Ch. 19.5 - Prob. 7PCh. 19.6 - Prob. 8PCh. 19.6 - Prob. 9PCh. 19.6 - Propose a mechanism for the reduction of...
Ch. 19.7 - Prob. 11PCh. 19.8 - Acid-catalyzed dehydration reactions are normally...Ch. 19.8 - Prob. 13PCh. 19.8 - Prob. 14PCh. 19.8 - Prob. 15PCh. 19.9 - Prob. 16PCh. 19.10 - a. What is the name of the enzyme that converts...Ch. 19.13 - Prob. 18PCh. 19 - Prob. 19PCh. 19 - Prob. 20PCh. 19 - Prob. 21PCh. 19 - Prob. 22PCh. 19 - Prob. 23PCh. 19 - Prob. 24PCh. 19 - Prob. 25PCh. 19 - Prob. 26PCh. 19 - Prob. 27PCh. 19 - Prob. 28PCh. 19 - Prob. 29PCh. 19 - Prob. 30PCh. 19 - Prob. 31PCh. 19 - Prob. 32PCh. 19 - Prob. 33PCh. 19 - Prob. 34PCh. 19 - Prob. 35PCh. 19 - Prob. 36PCh. 19 - Prob. 37PCh. 19 - Prob. 38PCh. 19 - Prob. 39PCh. 19 - Prob. 40PCh. 19 - Prob. 41PCh. 19 - Prob. 42PCh. 19 - Prob. 43PCh. 19 - Prob. 44PCh. 19 - UDP-galactose-4-epimerase converts UDP-galactose...Ch. 19 - A student is trying to determine the mechanism for...Ch. 19 - What would be the results of the experiment in...
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- TPP is a coenzyme for transketolase, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of a ketopentose (xylulose5-phosphate) and an aldopentose (ribose-5-phosphate) to an aldotriose (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate) and a ketoheptose (sedoheptulose-7-phosphate). Notice that the total number of carbons in the reactants and products is the same (5 + 5 = 3 + 7). Propose a mechanism for this reaction.arrow_forwardGlycerol kinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of glycerol from ATP, yielding glycerol-3-phosphate and ADP. The standard state free energy for hydrolysis of glycerol-3- phosphate is -9.20 kj/mol and for the hydrolysis of ATP is-30.5 kJ/mol. Calculate the standard-state free energy change and equilibrium constant for the glycerol kinase reaction at 37 *C. AG kj/mol Keq Submit Answer Try Another Version 10 item attempts remainingarrow_forwardWhen the following reaction reached equilibrium the concentration of glucose 1-phosphate is 34mM, and the concentration of glucose 6-phosphate is 190mM. At standard temperatures and pressure, calculate the Keq and the ΔGo' glucose 6-phosphate <---(phosphoglucoisomerase)---> glucose 1-phosphate Keq= ΔGo' =arrow_forward
- One of these reactions is a reductive amination. Write the oxidation states ( a number) next to each boxed carbon. Which reaction is a reductive amination? A or B Identify the oxidized and reduced states of the coenzymesarrow_forwardPlease don't provide handwritten solution ....arrow_forwardStep 7 of the citric acid cycle is shown. Which statement best describes what occurs in this step? CO₂ 1 CH || CH + H₂O CO₂ fumarate CO₂™ fumarase HO C-H CH₂ CO₂ malate A) Fumarate undergoes hydrogenation with hydrogens and electrons provided by the enzyme fumarase. B) Fumarate undergoes hydration with the aid of the enzyme fumarase. C) Fumarate undergoes hydrolysis with the aid of the enzyme fumarase. D) Fumarate undergoes reduction with the aid of the cofactor fumarase.arrow_forward
- Glycerol-3-phosphatase catalyzes the hydrolysis of glycerol-3-phosphate according to the following reaction.Glycerol-3-P + H₂O ⇌ glycerol + Pi When the enzyme is added to a solution of 1.25 M glycerol-3-phosphate at 25.0°C, and the reaction proceeds to equilibrium, the equilibrium concentration of glycerol-3-phosphate is 3.60×10⁻² M. Calculate the standard free energy of hydrolysis of glycerol-3-phosphate.arrow_forwardOxaloacetate + ADP + Pi + H+ ---> Pyruvate + ATP + HCO3- ΔGo’ = 13.91 kJ/mol Lactate + NAD+ ---> Pyruvate + NADH + H+ ΔGo’ = 25.12 kJ/mol Oxaloacetate + GTP ---> Phosphoenolpyruvate + GDP + CO2 ΔGo’ = -28.40 kJ/mol HCO3- + H+ ---> CO2 + H2O ΔGo’ = -41.45 kJ/mol GDP + ATP ---> GTP + ADP ΔGo’ = -0.003 kJ/mol _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Lactate + NAD+ + 2ATP + H2O ---> Phosphoenolpyruvate + NADH + 2ADP + Pi + 3H+ From the above information, calculate theΔGo’ for the overall reaction shown…arrow_forwardOxaloacetate + ADP + Pi + H+ ---> Pyruvate + ATP + HCO3- ΔGo’ = 13.91 kJ/mol Lactate + NAD+ ---> Pyruvate + NADH + H+ ΔGo’ = 25.12 kJ/mol Oxaloacetate + GTP ---> Phosphoenolpyruvate + GDP + CO2 ΔGo’ = -28.40 kJ/mol HCO3- + H+ ---> CO2 + H2O ΔGo’ = -41.45 kJ/mol GDP + ATP ---> GTP + ADP ΔGo’ = -0.003 kJ/mol _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Lactate + NAD+ + 2ATP + H2O ---> Phosphoenolpyruvate + NADH + 2ADP + Pi + 3H+ From the above information, calculate the Keq’ for the overall reaction shown…arrow_forward
- Calculate the ΔGo’ for the following reaction at 37 oC: Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate → Dihydroxyacetone phosphate K’eq = 21.05arrow_forwardThe hydrolysis of pyrophosphate to orthophosphate drives biosynthetic reactions such as DNA synthesis. In Escherichia coli, a pyrophosphatase catalyzes this hydrolytic reaction. The pyrophosphatase has a mass of 120 kDa and consists of six identical subunits. A unit of activity for this enzyme, U, is the amount of enzyme that hydrolyzes 10 umol of pyrophosphate in 15 minutes. The purified enzyme has a Vnax of 2800 U per milligram of enzyme. When (S] >> KM, how many micromoles of substrate can 1 mg of enzyme hydrolyze per second? Vnax = umol -s. mg- If cach enzyme subunit has one active site, how many micromoles of active sites, or (E]r, are there in 1 mg of enzyme? (Er = umol - mg-arrow_forwardFor a given acid HA, it was determined that at pH 6.0 the concentration of the conjugate base [A] was 0.075 M and the acid [HA] was 0.025 M. What percent of this acid is ionized at pH 6.0? What is the pKa of this acid? What pH would this acid be 50% lonized?arrow_forward
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