Concept explainers
Interpretation:
The numbers of ATP molecules that are produced during the
Concept introduction:
Aerobic respiration is a metabolic process that takes place in excess amount of oxygen. The citric acid cycle is an important part of aerobic respiration that takes place inside the mitochondria.
Glycolysis is a metabolic process in which a molecule of glucose is converted to two molecules of pyruvate. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell.
A hexose sugar is a sugar that contains six carbon atoms in its structure. For example, galactose and glucose. A disaccharide sugar is an organic molecule that yields two monosaccharides upon hydrolysis. For example, lactose sugar.
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Biochemistry
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- REFLECT AND APPLY Why is it useful to plot rate data for enzymatic reactions as a straight line rather than as a curve?arrow_forwardREFLECT AND APPLLY What is the metabolic advantage of having both hexokinase and glucokinase to phosphorylate glucose?arrow_forwardREFLECT AND APPLLY What is the metabolic advantage in the conversion of glucose to lactate, in which there is no net oxidation or reduction?arrow_forward
- REFLECT AND APPLY In metabolism, glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) can be used for glycogen synthesis or for glycolysis, among other fates. What does it cost, in terms of ATP equivalents, to store G6P as glycogen, rather than to use it for energy in glycolysis? Hint: The branched structure of glycogen leads to 90% of glucose residues being released as glucose-1-phosphate and 10% as glucose.arrow_forwardREFLECT AND APPLY Avidin, a protein found in egg whites, binds to biotin so strongly that it inhibits enzymes that require biotin. What is the effect of avidin on glycogen formation? On gluconeogenesis? On the pentose phosphate pathway?arrow_forwardREFLECT AND APPLY (a) Where in an earlier chapter have we en- countered something comparable to the action of the acyl carrier protein (ACP) of fatty acid synthesis? (b) What is a critical feature of the action of the ACP?arrow_forward
- REFLECT AND APPLY Comment on the fact that the reduction of pyruvate to lactate, catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase, is strongly exergonic (recall this from Chapter 15), even though the standard free-energy change for the half reaction Pyruvate+2H++2eLactate is positive (G=36.2kJmol1=8.8kcalmol1), indicating an endergonic reaction.arrow_forwardREFLECT AND APPLY A researcher claims to have discovered a variant form of glycogen. The variation is that it has very few branches (every 50 glucose residues or so) and that the branches are only three residues long. Is it likely that this discovery will be confirmed by later work?arrow_forwardRECALL Which of the following are spontaneous processes? Explain your answer for each process. (a) The hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and Pi Pi (b) The oxidation of glucose to CO2 and H2O by an organism (c) The phosphorylation of ADP to ATP (d) The production of glucose and O2 from CO2 and H2O in photosynthesisarrow_forward
- BiochemistryBiochemistryISBN:9781305961135Author:Mary K. Campbell, Shawn O. Farrell, Owen M. McDougalPublisher:Cengage Learning