Concept explainers
Wolves and coyotes can interbreed in captivity; and now, because of changes in their habitat distribution, they may have the opportunity to interbreed in the wild. To examine this possibility, mitochondrial DNA from wolf and coyote populations throughout North America
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 19 Solutions
Genetic Analysis: An Integrated Approach (2nd Edition)
- Steven Frank and Laurence Hurst argued that a cytoplasmically inherited mutation in humans that has severe effects in males but no effect in females will not be eliminated from a population by natural selection because only females pass on mtDNA. Using this argument, explain why males with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy are more severely affected than females.arrow_forwardSuppose species 1, 2, and 3 are endemic to a group of islands (such as the Galápagos) and are all descended from species 4 on the mainland (which will serve as an outgroup; its large population size means that no new mutations have become fixed in its population in the time since the islands were colonized). You sequence a gene and find ten nucleotide sites that differ among the four species (among many other loci that do not vary). The nucleotide bases at these sites are: Species 1: GCTGATGAGT Species 2: ATCAATGAGT Species 3: GTTGCAACGT Species 4: GTCAATGACA Estimate the phylogeny of these taxa by plotting the changes on each of the three possible unrooted trees and determining which tree requires the fewest evolutionary changes.arrow_forwardThe Out of Africa hypothesis (also called the African Replacement hypothesis) proposes that Homo sapiens arose in Africa and evolved there for several hundred thousand years. Then, some 85,000 years ago, a small band of Homo sapiens migrated out of Africa and populated the remainder of the world. Based on this hypothesis, what predictions would you make about worldwide human variation in mtDNA?arrow_forward
- Which of the following best explains the number of similarities between the amino acid sequences of the Drosophila Hedgehog protein and the Chicken Indian Hedgehog protein? O A. The Drosophila hedgehog gene evolved from hedgehogs, which are distantly related to birds. O B. Both genes evolved from a gene present in the last common ancestor of Drosphila and chickens, and the number of differences reflects the amount of time that has elapsed during the evolution of these two lineages. a During the evolution of Drosophila and chickens, a hedgehog like gene arose independently in each lineage, then the gene that arose in chickens diversified. A These genes are unrelated, and the fact that they are similar is only because the proteins need to have similar biochemical properties. They are unrelated because chickens don't have segments and Drosophila larvae don't have limb buds.arrow_forwardCrickets have colonized each island in the Hawaiian Archipelago. Geological data indicates that Kauai is the oldest island in the chain and Hawaii is the youngest. Researchers hypothesized that crickets sequentially colonized islands as they rose out of the ocean and created a cladogram based on molecular relationships to test this idea. 1) Mark & label (as “MRCA”) the most recent common ancestor for all crickets on the island of Kauai. 2) Molokai is roughly equally distant from Oahu as Maui, but not equally related. Are Molokai crickets more closely related to those on Oahu or Maui?_________arrow_forwardDNA-DNA hybridization studies in the 1960s demonstrated that common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), and pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus), are most closely related to which of the following non-chimpanzee primate species (sharing about 98% of protein-coding nucleotides)? the agile gibbon (Hylobates agilis) the human (Homo sapiens) the orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) the gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) the olive baboon (Papio anubis) 7. Which of the following mobile genetic elements is a retrotransposon, making up about 10% of the human genome, but no longer codes for a functional gene product (and is therefore a “pseudogene”)? the LINE-1 element (repeated up to 50,000 times in the human genome) the DNA-only transposons known as “jumping genes” (in corn) the avocado sunblotch viroid the typical transposon found in a bacterial chromosome the Alu sequence (repeated up to 1,000,000 times in the human genome) . Which of the following self-replicating biological agents carries only one…arrow_forward
- Take a look at the α-globin and β-globin amino acid sequences. Which sequences are more similar, the α globin in humans and the α globin in horses, or the α globin in humans and the β globin in humans? Based on your answer, would you conclude that the gene duplication that gave rise to the α-globin and β-globin genes occurred before or after the divergence of humans and horses? Explain your reasoning.arrow_forwardLion populations are found all over sub- Saharan africa. How do the sequences above reinforce or contradict the idea that populations of lions who are genetically similar live in the same geographic area?arrow_forwardWhat is the answer to this problem? I said the answer was "Homo sapiens populations interbred with the Denisovans before leaving Africa." and this was marked wrong.arrow_forward
- Your descendants have fortunately inherited your fascination with rodent genetics. Fifty thousand years after the original volcanic eruption, your descendants return to the island where the two populations are still separated. They repeat the same experiments that you carried out. Their data indicate there is no reproductive isolation between members of A1 and A2. DNA sequences from randomly chosen individuals from the two populations are shown here – A1 ATAAGA A1 ACAAGA A1 ACATGA A2 TCATTT A2 TCATTG A2 TCATTT A)Describe relative levels of genetic variation (simply state low or high) among individuals in population A1. B)Describe relative levels of genetic variation (simply state low or high) among individuals in population A2. C)Describe relative levels of genetic variation (simply state low or high) between individuals in populations A1 and individuals in population A2.arrow_forwardYour descendants have fortunately inherited your fascination with rodent genetics. Fifty thousand years after the original volcanic eruption, your descendants return to the island where the two populations are still separated. They repeat the same experiments that you carried out. Their data indicate there is no reproductive isolation between members of A1 and A2. DNA sequences from randomly chosen individuals from the two populations are shown here – A1 ATAAGA A1 ACAAGA A1 ACATGA A2 TCATTT A2 TCATTG A2 TCATTT A)Name one mechanism by which differences between A1 and A2 became fixed in the two populations (not how the differences arose in the first place).arrow_forwardAdvances in biotechnology have revolutionized the study of ancient remains. In Ötzi's case, a genetic study showed that his DNA most closely matched up with people that currently live in Sardinia. One hypothesis for this is that at Ötzi's time, a group of people with similar DNA spread throughout Europe including Sardinia. Sardinia is somewhat isolated so the DNA of the population living there has changed very little since that time. On mainland Europe, where his remains were found, there was more mixing of populations so there have been changes to the DNA profiles of the people living in that region. Questions: 1.) Based on the genetic results, do you think Ötzi should be considered Sardinian even though he lived in the Alps? Why or why not?arrow_forward
- Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Co...BiologyISBN:9781305251052Author:Michael CummingsPublisher:Cengage Learning