Biochemistry
9th Edition
ISBN: 9781305961135
Author: Mary K. Campbell, Shawn O. Farrell, Owen M. McDougal
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 18, Problem 49RE
RECALL What is a major difference between transketolase and transaldolase?
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If the pH of gastric juice is 1.6, what is the amount of energy (AG) required for the transport of hydrogen ions from a cell
(internal pH of 7.4) into the stomach lumen?
Assume that the membrane potential across this membrane is -70.0 mV and the temperature is 37 °C.
AG=
kJ mol-1
Consider the fatty acid structure shown.
Which of the designations are accurate for this fatty acid?
17:2 (48.11)
18:2(A9.12)
cis, cis-A8, A¹¹-octadecadienoate
w-6 fatty acid
18:2(A6,9)
Classify the monosaccharides.
H-C-OH
H.
H-C-OH H-C-OH
CH₂OH
H-C-OH
H-C-OH
H-C-OH
CH₂OH
CH₂OH
CH₂OH
CH₂OH
D-erythrose
D-ribose
D-glyceraldehyde
Dihydroxyacetone
CH₂OH
CH₂OH
C=O
Answer Bank
CH₂OH
C=0
HO C-H
C=O
H-C-OH
H-C-OH
pentose
hexose
tetrose
H-C-OH
H-C-OH
H-C-OH
aldose
triose
ketose
CH₂OH
CH₂OH
CH₂OH
D-erythrulose
D-ribulose
D-fructose
Chapter 18 Solutions
Biochemistry
Ch. 18 - RECALL Why is it essential that the mechanisms...Ch. 18 - RECALL How does phosphorolysis differ from...Ch. 18 - RECALL Why is it advantageous that breakdown of...Ch. 18 - RECALL Briefly outline the role of UDPG in...Ch. 18 - RECALL Name two control mechanisms that play a...Ch. 18 - REFLECT AND APPLY Does the net gain of ATP in...Ch. 18 - REFLECT AND APPLY In metabolism,...Ch. 18 - Prob. 8RECh. 18 - BIOCHEMICAL CONNECTIONS You are planning to go on...Ch. 18 - BIOCHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Would eating candy bars,...
Ch. 18 - Prob. 11RECh. 18 - Prob. 12RECh. 18 - REFLECT AND APPLY A researcher claims to have...Ch. 18 - REFLECT AND APPLY What is the source of the energy...Ch. 18 - Prob. 15RECh. 18 - Prob. 16RECh. 18 - Prob. 17RECh. 18 - Prob. 18RECh. 18 - Prob. 19RECh. 18 - RECALL What reactions in this chapter require...Ch. 18 - RECALL Which steps of glycolysis are irreversible?...Ch. 18 - RECALL What is the role of biotin in...Ch. 18 - RECALL How does the role of glucose-6-phosphate in...Ch. 18 - REFLECT AND APPLY Avidin, a protein found in egg...Ch. 18 - REFLECT AND APPLY How does the hydrolysis of...Ch. 18 - Prob. 26RECh. 18 - Prob. 27RECh. 18 - Prob. 28RECh. 18 - Prob. 29RECh. 18 - Prob. 30RECh. 18 - Prob. 31RECh. 18 - REFLECT AND APPLY How can different time scales...Ch. 18 - REFLECT AND APPLY How do the control mechanisms in...Ch. 18 - Prob. 34RECh. 18 - Prob. 35RECh. 18 - Prob. 36RECh. 18 - REFLECT AND APPLY How can the synthesis and...Ch. 18 - REFLECT AND APPLY How is it advantageous for...Ch. 18 - Prob. 39RECh. 18 - Prob. 40RECh. 18 - Prob. 41RECh. 18 - Prob. 42RECh. 18 - RECALL What roles do glucagon and epinephrine play...Ch. 18 - Prob. 44RECh. 18 - RECALL List three differences in structure or...Ch. 18 - RECALL What are four possible metabolic fates of...Ch. 18 - BIOCHEMICAL CONNECTIONS What is the connection...Ch. 18 - Prob. 48RECh. 18 - RECALL What is a major difference between...Ch. 18 - Prob. 50RECh. 18 - Prob. 51RECh. 18 - Prob. 52RECh. 18 - REFLECT AND APPLY Suggest a reason why a different...Ch. 18 - REFLECT AND APPLY Explain how the pentose...Ch. 18 - REFLECT AND APPLY Why is it reasonable to expect...Ch. 18 - REFLECT AND APPLY How would it affect the...
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- Fatty acids are carboxylic acids with long hydrophobic tails. Draw the line-bond structure of cis-A9-hexadecenoate. Clearly show the cis-trans stereochemistry.arrow_forwardThe formation of acetyl-CoA from acetate is an ATP-driven reaction: Acetate + ATP + COA Acetyl CoA+AMP+ PP Calculate AG for this reaction given that the AG for the hydrolysis of acetyl CoA to acetate and CoA is -31.4 kJ mol-1 (-7.5 kcal mol-¹) and that the AG for hydrolysis of ATP to AMP and PP; is -45.6 kJ mol-1 (-10.9 kcal mol-¹). AG reaction kJ mol-1 The PP, formed in the preceding reaction is rapidly hydrolyzed in vivo because of the ubiquity of inorganic pyrophosphatase. The AG for the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate (PP.) is -19.2 KJ mol-¹ (-4.665 kcal mol-¹). Calculate the AG° for the overall reaction, including pyrophosphate hydrolysis. AGO reaction with PP, hydrolysis = What effect does the presence of pyrophosphatase have on the formation of acetyl CoA? It does not affect the overall reaction. It makes the overall reaction even more endergonic. It brings the overall reaction closer to equilibrium. It makes the overall reaction even more exergonic. kJ mol-1arrow_forwardConsider the Haworth projections of ẞ-L-galactose and ẞ-L-glucose shown here. OH CH₂OH OH CH₂OH OH OH OH ОН OH он B-L-galactose B-L-glucose Which terms describe the relationship between these two sugars? epimers enantiomers anomers diastereomersarrow_forward
- Classify each characteristic as describing anabolism or catabolism. Anabolism Answer Bank Catabolism transforms fuels into cellular energy, such as ATP or ion gradients uses NADPH as the electron carrier synthesizes macromolecules requires energy inputs, such as ATP uses NAD+ as the electron carrier breaks down macromoleculesarrow_forwardThe table lists the standard free energies (AG") of hydrolysis of some phosphorylated compounds. Compound kJ mol-1 kcal mol-1 Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) -61.9 -14.8 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG) -49.4 -11.8 Creatine phosphate -43.1 -10.3 ATP (to ADP) -30.5 -7.3 Glucose 1-phosphate -20.9 -5.0 Pyrophosphate (PP) -19.3 -4.6 Glucose 6-phosphate -13.8 -3.3 Glycerol 3-phosphate -9.2 -2.2 What is the direction of each of the reactions shown when the reactants are initially present in equimolar amounts? (a) ATP + H2O ADP + P (b) ATP + glycerol glycerol 3-phosphate + ADParrow_forwardCharacterize each term or phrase as pertaining to simple or facilitated diffusion. Simple diffusion Facilitated diffusion Answer Bank requires an input of free energy lipophilic molecules directly through membrane via channels polar molecules Na+arrow_forward
- Sort the descriptions into properties that describe either saturated phospholipids or unsaturated phospholipids. Saturated phospholipids Saturated and unsaturated phospholipids Unsaturated phospholipids Answer Bank have no double bonds in the fatty acid carbon chains have straight fatty acid tails have at least one double bond in the fatty acid tails have bent fatty acid tails are built upon a glycerol backbone make the membrane somewhat rigid at low temperatures allow the membrane to remain fluid and flexible at low temperatures fatty acid tails pack tightly together maintain some space between adjacent phospholipidsarrow_forwardPlace the events of an action potential in order, starting and ending with a cell at its resting membrane potential. Cell starts at its resting membrane potential. Cell returns to its resting membrane potential. Answer Bank K+ channels fully open, and Na+ channels are inactivated. K* rushes out of the cell, causing repolarization. K+ channels close slowly, resulting in hyperpolarization. Na+ channel gates reset. Fast Na+ and slow K+ channels are activated. Na rushes into the cell, causing membrane depolarization. Ligand activation of the acetylcholine receptor depolarizes the membrane.arrow_forwardGlucose and fructose are reducing sugars. Sucrose, or table sugar, is a disaccharide consisting of both fructose and glucose. Is sucrose a reducing sugar? Why or why not? No, because only one anomeric carbon is involved in the glycosidic linkage. No, because both anomeric carbons are involved in the glycosidic linkage. Yes, because the fructose unit can convert to the open-chain form. Yes, because the glucose unit can convert to the open-chain form. Which statements about reducing sugars are true? The oxidation of a reducing sugar forms a carboxylic acid sugar. D-Arabinose (an aldose) is a reducing sugar. Reducing sugars contain keto groups instead of aldehyde groups. A disaccharide with its anomeric carbons joined by the glycosidic linkage cannot be a reducing sugar. A reducing sugar will not react with the Cu² + in Fehlings's reagent.arrow_forward
- Examine the pairs of molecules and identify the more-reduced molecule in each pair. H-C- CH, OH CH HO-C-H CH₁₂ Pyruvate Ethanol Acetaldehyde Lactate COO H-C H H- -C-H COO- Succinate Fumarate -OOC COO H COO- H――000- CH₂ COO- Oxalosuccinate H-C-OH OOC-C-H CH₂ COO Isocitratearrow_forwardClassify each description as characterizing facilitated diffusion, primary active transport, secondary active transport, or both primary and secondary active transport. Facilitated diffusion Primary active transport Secondary active transport Primary and secondary active transport Answer Bank requires ATP includes lactose permease directly uses ATP hydrolysis to pump substances across the membrane includes the Na+-K+ ATPase pump always moves more than one substance at a time movement of substances against an electrochemical gradient does not require energy input includes uniporters uses energy stored in electrochemical gradients generated by pumpsarrow_forwardCreatine is a popular dietary supplement. What is the biochemical rationale for the use of creatine? It would directly serve as an electron carrier to support the oxidation of fuel molecules and thus energy production. It would serve as an electron donor to support reductive biosyntheses required to sustain cellular function. It would be converted into creatine phosphate and thus serve as a rapid means of replenishing ATP during muscle contraction. It would promote the movement of ions through ion channels and thus power the synthesis of ATP during exercise. What type of exercise would benefit most from creatine supplementation? a leisurely walk sprinting yoga a long-distance runarrow_forward
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