Concept explainers
Interpretation:
The stepwise mechanism of the given product formation is to be discussed.
Concept Introduction:
Electrophiles are electron deficient species which has positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles which accept electron pair.
Nucleophiles are electron rich species which has negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles which donate electron pair.
In
Sn2 is a kind of nucleophilic substitution reaction mechanism. Since two reacting species are involved in the slow (rate-determing) step, this leads to the term substitution nucleophilic (bi-molecular) or Sn2.
In
Alkylation of ketones takes place with the help of lithium enolates.
Sodium hydride is used to generate the enolate ions.
The
When halogen substitution reaction takes places in the presence of acid, it is called acid catalyzed halogenation reaction.
When halogen substitution reaction takes places in the presence of a base, it is called base prompted halogenation reaction.
LDA stands for lithium disopyramide. It is a strong base.
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Organic Chemistry
- Suggest the most appropriate method for each of the following laboratory syntheses.(a) cyclopentanol ¡ cyclopentanonearrow_forwardDraw a structural formula for the alcohol formed by treating each alkene with borane in tetrahydrofuran (THF) followed by hydrogen peroxide in aqueous sodium hydroxide, and specify stereochemistry where appropriate. (a) (d) (b) (e) (c)arrow_forwardProvide reagentsarrow_forward
- The odor of ripe bananas and many other fruits is due to the presence of esters. For example: Banana oil (isopentyl acetate) (a) Write the name (common or IUPAC) of the ester responsible for the fragrance of the following: pineapple, orange, apple, peach, & lavender (b) Choose one fragrant from (a) and name the alcohol and the carboxylic acid needed to synthesize this ester. (c) Show the detailed mechanism of the Fischer Esterification reaction that will be involved in the synthesis of the fragrant you have chosen in part (a).arrow_forwardPhenylethanol can be oxidised to phenylethanal or phenylethanoic acid, depending on the reagents used (both the alcohol and the aldehyde are of interest for their antimicrobial properties, while the acid is used to treat type II hyperammonemia): A (a) (b) (c) CoH,CH,CHO phenylethanal B C6H5CH₂CH₂OHC₂H₂CH₂CO₂H phenylethanol Suggest reagents (shown as A and B in the scheme above) that could be used to carry out the oxidation of the alcohol to the aldehyde and the acid, respectively. C6H5CH₂- Suggest two other syntheses of phenylethanoic acid, in each case indicating the starting materials and other reagents required, but not giving details of mechanism. One of your proposed syntheses must start with a compound which only contains seven carbon atoms (the acid product contains eight carbon atoms). phenylethanoic acid Phenylethanal can be converted to a hydrate in the presence of aqueous acid, though the position of equilibrium is very far to the left: H H+/H₂O OH C6H5CH₂-C-H OH Explain why…arrow_forward(c) Answer each of the questions below that relate to acetophenone: Xo (i) (ii) (iii) Draw the structure of the enol form of acetophenone. Give a stepwise mechanism for the conversion of acetophenone into its enol form. Show how each of the three compounds A, B and C below can be prepared from acetophenone. Explain clearly what reactants/reagents would be required in each case. odocor A B Br Carrow_forward
- Give IUPAC names for the following structures. (If appropriate, specify relative stereochemistry.) (a) (b) S Sarrow_forward18.18 Provide a structural formula for the product from each of the following reactions. (a) (c) (e (1) LDA (2) CH,CH,I NaH CI (b) (d) O. (f Br, CH,CO,H Br, (excess), NaOHarrow_forwardSubject: chemistryarrow_forward
- Chemistry for Today: General, Organic, and Bioche...ChemistryISBN:9781305960060Author:Spencer L. Seager, Michael R. Slabaugh, Maren S. HansenPublisher:Cengage Learning