(a)
Interpretation:
The values of ΔGvap for benzene at 70 °C is to be calculated.
Concept introduction:
The relation of total entropy is as follows:
ΔStotal=ΔSsystem+ΔSsurroundings
Second law of
The relationship between ΔH and ΔS is as follows:
ΔG=ΔH−TΔS
Where,
- ΔG is free energy change.
- ΔH is enthalpy change.
- T is temperature.
- ΔS is change in entropy.
The entropy criteria for spontaneous change at constant T and P can also be stated with respect to free energy change as follows:
(1) When ΔG<0, reaction is a spontaneous.
(2) When ΔG>0, reaction is nonspontaneous.
(3) When ΔG=0, reaction is at equilibrium.
(b)
Interpretation:
The values of ΔGvap for benzene at 80 °C is to be calculated.
Concept introduction:
The relation of total entropy is as follows:
ΔStotal=ΔSsystem+ΔSsurroundings
Second law of thermodynamics gives criteria for spontaneity. It states that when sign of total entropy change is positive, the reaction is spontaneous. When sign of ΔStotal is negative, the reaction is nonspontaneous. Also, all reactions are at equilibrium when total entropy change is equal to 0.
The relationship between ΔH and ΔS is as follows:
ΔG=ΔH−TΔS
Where,
- ΔG is free energy change.
- ΔH is enthalpy change.
- T is temperature.
- ΔS is change in entropy.
The entropy criteria for spontaneous change at constant T and P can also be stated with respect to free energy change as follows:
(1) When ΔG<0, reaction is a spontaneous.
(2) When ΔG>0, reaction is nonspontaneous.
(3) When ΔG=0, reaction is at equilibrium.
(c)
Interpretation:
The values of ΔGvap for benzene at 90 °C is to be calculated.
Concept introduction:
The relation of total entropy is as follows:
ΔStotal=ΔSsystem+ΔSsurroundings
Second law of thermodynamics gives criteria for spontaneity. It states that when sign of total entropy change is positive, the reaction is spontaneous. When sign of ΔStotal is negative, the reaction is nonspontaneous. Also, all reactions are at equilibrium when total entropy change is equal to 0.
The relationship between ΔH and ΔS is as follows:
ΔG=ΔH−TΔS
Where,
- ΔG is free energy change.
- ΔH is enthalpy change.
- T is temperature.
- ΔS is change in entropy.
The entropy criteria for spontaneous change at constant T and P can also be stated with respect to free energy change as follows:
(1) When ΔG<0, reaction is a spontaneous.
(2) When ΔG>0, reaction is nonspontaneous.
(3) When ΔG=0, reaction is at equilibrium.
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CHEMISTRY-TEXT
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