(a) Interpretation: The complete and detailed mechanism for the given reaction is to be drawn, and the products are to be predicted. Concept introduction: When a ketone or an aldehyde is treated with aqueous hydrocyanic acid (HCN), the product is a cyanohydrin, in which an OH group and a cyano (CN) group are bonded to the same carbon atom. The reaction can be sped up by the addition of a small amount of either KCN or the strong base NaOH by increasing the concentration of NC - in the reaction mixture. The mechanism involves two steps. In the first step, the nucleophile NC - adds to the carbonyl carbon, forming an alkoxide. In the second step, a proton is transferred from the protic solvent to the alkoxide ion, giving the final product.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 18.4P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The complete and detailed mechanism for the given reaction is to be drawn, and the products are to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

When a ketone or an aldehyde is treated with aqueous hydrocyanic acid (HCN), the product is a cyanohydrin, in which an OH group and a cyano (CN) group are bonded to the same carbon atom. The reaction can be sped up by the addition of a small amount of either KCN or the strong base NaOH by increasing the concentration of NC- in the reaction mixture. The mechanism involves two steps. In the first step, the nucleophile NC- adds to the carbonyl carbon, forming an alkoxide. In the second step, a proton is transferred from the protic solvent to the alkoxide ion, giving the final product.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The complete and detailed mechanism for the given reaction is to be drawn, and the products are to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

When a ketone or an aldehyde is treated with aqueous hydrocyanic acid (HCN), the product is a cyanohydrin, in which an OH group and a cyano (CN) group are bonded to the same carbon atom. The reaction can be sped up by the addition of a small amount of either KCN or the strong base NaOH by increasing the concentration of NC- in the reaction mixture. The mechanism involves two steps. In the first step, the nucleophile NC- adds to the carbonyl carbon, forming an alkoxide. In the second step, a proton is transferred from the protic solvent to the alkoxide ion, giving the final product.

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A pdf file of your hand drawn, stepwise mechanisms for the reactions. For each reaction in the assignment, you must write each mechanism three times (there are 10 reactions, so 30 mechanisms). (A) do the work on a tablet and save as a pdf., it is expected to write each mechanism out and NOT copy and paste the mechanism after writing it just once. Everything should be drawn out stepwise and every bond that is formed and broken in the process of the reaction, and is expected to see all relevant lone pair electrons and curved arrows. Aldol: NaOH HO H Δ NaOH Δ

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 18.4P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The complete and detailed mechanism for the given reaction is to be drawn, and the products are to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

When a ketone or an aldehyde is treated with aqueous hydrocyanic acid (HCN), the product is a cyanohydrin, in which an OH group and a cyano (CN) group are bonded to the same carbon atom. The reaction can be sped up by the addition of a small amount of either KCN or the strong base NaOH by increasing the concentration of NC- in the reaction mixture. The mechanism involves two steps. In the first step, the nucleophile NC- adds to the carbonyl carbon, forming an alkoxide. In the second step, a proton is transferred from the protic solvent to the alkoxide ion, giving the final product.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The complete and detailed mechanism for the given reaction is to be drawn, and the products are to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

When a ketone or an aldehyde is treated with aqueous hydrocyanic acid (HCN), the product is a cyanohydrin, in which an OH group and a cyano (CN) group are bonded to the same carbon atom. The reaction can be sped up by the addition of a small amount of either KCN or the strong base NaOH by increasing the concentration of NC- in the reaction mixture. The mechanism involves two steps. In the first step, the nucleophile NC- adds to the carbonyl carbon, forming an alkoxide. In the second step, a proton is transferred from the protic solvent to the alkoxide ion, giving the final product.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 18.4P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The complete and detailed mechanism for the given reaction is to be drawn, and the products are to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

When a ketone or an aldehyde is treated with aqueous hydrocyanic acid (HCN), the product is a cyanohydrin, in which an OH group and a cyano (CN) group are bonded to the same carbon atom. The reaction can be sped up by the addition of a small amount of either KCN or the strong base NaOH by increasing the concentration of NC- in the reaction mixture. The mechanism involves two steps. In the first step, the nucleophile NC- adds to the carbonyl carbon, forming an alkoxide. In the second step, a proton is transferred from the protic solvent to the alkoxide ion, giving the final product.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The complete and detailed mechanism for the given reaction is to be drawn, and the products are to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

When a ketone or an aldehyde is treated with aqueous hydrocyanic acid (HCN), the product is a cyanohydrin, in which an OH group and a cyano (CN) group are bonded to the same carbon atom. The reaction can be sped up by the addition of a small amount of either KCN or the strong base NaOH by increasing the concentration of NC- in the reaction mixture. The mechanism involves two steps. In the first step, the nucleophile NC- adds to the carbonyl carbon, forming an alkoxide. In the second step, a proton is transferred from the protic solvent to the alkoxide ion, giving the final product.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 18.4P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The complete and detailed mechanism for the given reaction is to be drawn, and the products are to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

When a ketone or an aldehyde is treated with aqueous hydrocyanic acid (HCN), the product is a cyanohydrin, in which an OH group and a cyano (CN) group are bonded to the same carbon atom. The reaction can be sped up by the addition of a small amount of either KCN or the strong base NaOH by increasing the concentration of NC- in the reaction mixture. The mechanism involves two steps. In the first step, the nucleophile NC- adds to the carbonyl carbon, forming an alkoxide. In the second step, a proton is transferred from the protic solvent to the alkoxide ion, giving the final product.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The complete and detailed mechanism for the given reaction is to be drawn, and the products are to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

When a ketone or an aldehyde is treated with aqueous hydrocyanic acid (HCN), the product is a cyanohydrin, in which an OH group and a cyano (CN) group are bonded to the same carbon atom. The reaction can be sped up by the addition of a small amount of either KCN or the strong base NaOH by increasing the concentration of NC- in the reaction mixture. The mechanism involves two steps. In the first step, the nucleophile NC- adds to the carbonyl carbon, forming an alkoxide. In the second step, a proton is transferred from the protic solvent to the alkoxide ion, giving the final product.

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Answer 5

Chapter 18, Problem 18.4P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The complete and detailed mechanism for the given reaction is to be drawn, and the products are to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

When a ketone or an aldehyde is treated with aqueous hydrocyanic acid (HCN), the product is a cyanohydrin, in which an OH group and a cyano (CN) group are bonded to the same carbon atom. The reaction can be sped up by the addition of a small amount of either KCN or the strong base NaOH by increasing the concentration of NC- in the reaction mixture. The mechanism involves two steps. In the first step, the nucleophile NC- adds to the carbonyl carbon, forming an alkoxide. In the second step, a proton is transferred from the protic solvent to the alkoxide ion, giving the final product.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The complete and detailed mechanism for the given reaction is to be drawn, and the products are to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

When a ketone or an aldehyde is treated with aqueous hydrocyanic acid (HCN), the product is a cyanohydrin, in which an OH group and a cyano (CN) group are bonded to the same carbon atom. The reaction can be sped up by the addition of a small amount of either KCN or the strong base NaOH by increasing the concentration of NC- in the reaction mixture. The mechanism involves two steps. In the first step, the nucleophile NC- adds to the carbonyl carbon, forming an alkoxide. In the second step, a proton is transferred from the protic solvent to the alkoxide ion, giving the final product.

Answer 6

Chapter 18, Problem 18.4P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The complete and detailed mechanism for the given reaction is to be drawn, and the products are to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

When a ketone or an aldehyde is treated with aqueous hydrocyanic acid (HCN), the product is a cyanohydrin, in which an OH group and a cyano (CN) group are bonded to the same carbon atom. The reaction can be sped up by the addition of a small amount of either KCN or the strong base NaOH by increasing the concentration of NC- in the reaction mixture. The mechanism involves two steps. In the first step, the nucleophile NC- adds to the carbonyl carbon, forming an alkoxide. In the second step, a proton is transferred from the protic solvent to the alkoxide ion, giving the final product.

Answer 7

Chapter 18, Problem 18.4P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The complete and detailed mechanism for the given reaction is to be drawn, and the products are to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

When a ketone or an aldehyde is treated with aqueous hydrocyanic acid (HCN), the product is a cyanohydrin, in which an OH group and a cyano (CN) group are bonded to the same carbon atom. The reaction can be sped up by the addition of a small amount of either KCN or the strong base NaOH by increasing the concentration of NC- in the reaction mixture. The mechanism involves two steps. In the first step, the nucleophile NC- adds to the carbonyl carbon, forming an alkoxide. In the second step, a proton is transferred from the protic solvent to the alkoxide ion, giving the final product.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The complete and detailed mechanism for the given reaction is to be drawn, and the products are to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

When a ketone or an aldehyde is treated with aqueous hydrocyanic acid (HCN), the product is a cyanohydrin, in which an OH group and a cyano (CN) group are bonded to the same carbon atom. The reaction can be sped up by the addition of a small amount of either KCN or the strong base NaOH by increasing the concentration of NC- in the reaction mixture. The mechanism involves two steps. In the first step, the nucleophile NC- adds to the carbonyl carbon, forming an alkoxide. In the second step, a proton is transferred from the protic solvent to the alkoxide ion, giving the final product.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The complete and detailed mechanism for the given reaction is to be drawn, and the products are to be predicted.

Concept introduction:

When a ketone or an aldehyde is treated with aqueous hydrocyanic acid (HCN), the product is a cyanohydrin, in which an OH group and a cyano (CN) group are bonded to the same carbon atom. The reaction can be sped up by the addition of a small amount of either KCN or the strong base NaOH by increasing the concentration of NC- in the reaction mixture. The mechanism involves two steps. In the first step, the nucleophile NC- adds to the carbonyl carbon, forming an alkoxide. In the second step, a proton is transferred from the protic solvent to the alkoxide ion, giving the final product.

Answer 10

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Answer 11

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Answer 12

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Answer 13

Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.1P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.2P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.3P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.4P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.5P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.6P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.7P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.8P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.9P Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.10P

Solution Summary: The author explains the complete and detailed mechanism for the given reaction, and the products are to be predicted.

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Chapter 18 Solutions