Organic Chemistry, Loose-leaf Version
8th Edition
ISBN: 9781305865549
Author: William H. Brown, Brent L. Iverson, Eric Anslyn, Christopher S. Foote
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Textbook Question
Chapter 18, Problem 18.30P
Nicotinic acid, more commonly named niacin, is one of the B vitamins. Show how nicotinic acid can be converted to (a) ethyl nicotinate and then to (b) nicotinamide.
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Using reaction free energy to predict equilibrium composition
Consider the following equilibrium:
2NH3 (g) = N2 (g) +3H₂
—N2 (g) AGº = 34. kJ
Now suppose a reaction vessel is filled with 4.19 atm of ammonia (NH3) and 9.94 atm of nitrogen (N2) at 378. °C. Answer the following questions about this
system:
rise
Under these conditions, will the pressure of NH 3 tend to rise or fall?
☐ x10
fall
Х
Is it possible to reverse this tendency by adding H₂?
In other words, if you said the pressure of NH 3 will tend to rise, can that
be changed to a tendency to fall by adding H₂? Similarly, if you said the
pressure of NH3 will tend to fall, can that be changed to a tendency to
rise by adding H₂?
If you said the tendency can be reversed in the second question, calculate
the minimum pressure of H₂ needed to reverse it.
Round your answer to 2 significant digits.
yes
no
atm
00.
18
Ar
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Identifying the major species in weak acid or weak base equilibria
The preparations of two aqueous solutions are described in the table below. For each solution, write the chemical formulas of the major species present at
equilibrium. You can leave out water itself.
Write the chemical formulas of the species that will act as acids in the 'acids' row, the formulas of the species that will act as bases in the 'bases' row, and the
formulas of the species that will act as neither acids nor bases in the 'other' row.
You will find it useful to keep in mind that HF is a weak acid.
2.2 mol of NaOH is added to
1.0 L of a 1.4M HF
solution.
acids:
П
bases:
Х
other: ☐
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acids:
0.51 mol of KOH is added to
1.0 L of a solution that is
bases:
1.3M in both HF and NaF.
other: ☐
00.
18
Ar
Using reaction free energy to predict equilibrium composition
Consider the following equilibrium:
N2O4 (g) 2NO2 (g)
AG⁰ = 5.4 kJ
Now suppose a reaction vessel is filled with 1.68 atm of dinitrogen tetroxide (N204) at 148. °C. Answer the following questions about this system:
rise
Under these conditions, will the pressure of N2O4 tend to rise or fall?
x10
fall
Is it possible to reverse this tendency by adding NO2?
In other words, if you said the pressure of N2O4 will tend to rise, can that
be changed to a tendency to fall by adding NO2? Similarly, if you said the
pressure of N2O4 will tend to fall, can that be changed to a tendency to
rise by adding NO2?
If you said the tendency can be reversed in the second question, calculate
the minimum pressure of NO 2 needed to reverse it.
Round your answer to 2 significant digits.
yes
no
0.42 atm
☑
5
0/5
?
مله
Ar
Chapter 18 Solutions
Organic Chemistry, Loose-leaf Version
Ch. 18.1 - Prob. 18.1PCh. 18.2 - Prob. 18.2PCh. 18.4 - Prob. 18.3PCh. 18.4 - Prob. 18.4PCh. 18.4 - Synthesis of nitriles by nucleophilic displacement...Ch. 18.5 - Complete the following transesterification...Ch. 18.6 - Complete and balance equations for the following...Ch. 18.8 - Prob. AQCh. 18.8 - Several compounds have been found to inhibit...Ch. 18.8 - Prob. CQ
Ch. 18.8 - The following sequence of steps is used to create...Ch. 18.9 - Prob. 18.8PCh. 18.9 - Prob. 18.9PCh. 18.10 - Prob. 18.10PCh. 18.10 - Show how to convert (R)-2-phenylpropanoic acid to...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.12PCh. 18 - Write the IUPAC name for each compound. (a)...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.14PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.15PCh. 18 - Propose a structural formula for compound A,...Ch. 18 - Propose a structural formula for compound B,...Ch. 18 - Propose a structural formula for each compound...Ch. 18 - Draw a structural formula for the principal...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.20PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.21PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.22PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.23PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.24PCh. 18 - Show the product expected when the following...Ch. 18 - The reagent diisobutylaluminum hydride (DIBALH)...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.27PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.28PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.29PCh. 18 - Nicotinic acid, more commonly named niacin, is one...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.31PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.32PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.33PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.34PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.35PCh. 18 - Isoniazid, a drug used to treat tuberculosis, is...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.37PCh. 18 - A step in a synthesis of PGE1 (prostaglandin E1,...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.39PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.40PCh. 18 - Show how to synthesize 5-nonanone from...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.42PCh. 18 - The following sequence of steps converts...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.44PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.45PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.46PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.47PCh. 18 - Following is a retrosynthetic analysis for the...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.50PCh. 18 - Given this retrosynthetic analysis, propose a...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.52PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.53PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.54PCh. 18 - In Problem 7.28, we saw this step in Johnsons...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.56PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.57PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.58PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.59PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.60PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.61PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.62PCh. 18 - Using your reaction roadmap as a guide, show how...Ch. 18 - Using your reaction roadmap as a guide, show how...Ch. 18 - Using your reaction roadmap as a guide, show how...Ch. 18 - Using your reaction roadmap as a guide, show how...Ch. 18 - Minoxidil is a molecule that causes hair growth in...Ch. 18 - Prob. 18.69PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.70PCh. 18 - Prob. 18.71P
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