Chapter 18, Problem 18.27P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Product formed during the reaction of given anhydride with the given reagent has to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis: In presence of strong acid such as ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}{\text{SO}}_{\text{4}}$, ester reacts with water to form the corresponding alcohol and carboxylic acid. It is the reverse of esterification.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Product formed during the reaction of given anhydride with the given reagent has to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

Ester Hydrolysis: Ester hydrolysis can be caused by acid and base.

Saponification: Ester hydrolysis taking place in presence of base such as $NaOH$ or $KOH$ is known as saponification. Ester reacts with hydroxide ion forming carboxylic acid which again reacts with base resulting in the formation of a caboxylate anion.

Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis: In presence of strong acid such as ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}{\text{SO}}_{\text{4}}$, ester reacts with water to form the corresponding alcohol and carboxylic acid. It is the reverse of esterification.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Product formed during the reaction of given anhydride with the given reagent has to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

Reduction: Aldehydes or ketones undergoing reduction by using reducing agent like $\text{LAH}$ or ${\text{NaBH}}_{\text{4}}$ which provides alcohol.

LAH Reduction: The saturated/unsaturated aldehyde and ketones in the presence of sodium metal in LAH and carbonyl compound produced saturated alcohols. The keto group involves in the reduction process of LAH, this end up reducing to give the alcohols.

Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of $\text{π}$-bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Product formed during the reaction of given anhydride with the given reagent has to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

Ester Hydrolysis: Ester hydrolysis can be caused by acid and base.

Saponification: Ester hydrolysis taking place in presence of base such as $NaOH$ or $KOH$ is known as saponification. Ester reacts with hydroxide ion forming carboxylic acid which again reacts with base resulting in the formation of a caboxylate anion.

Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis: In presence of strong acid such as ${\text{H}}_{\text{2}}{\text{SO}}_{\text{4}}$, ester reacts with water to form the corresponding alcohol and carboxylic acid. It is the reverse of esterification.

(e)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Product formed during the reaction of given anhydride with the given reagent has to be shown.

Concept Introduction:

Reaction of an ester with ammonia or an amine:

Treatment of an ester with ammonia or a primary or secondary amine gives an amide.

The nucleophilic addition of the ammonia or amine to the carbonyl carbon occurs followed by a proton transfer and a tetrahedral addition intermediate is formed. The intermediate can directly alkoxide and lose a proton to the alkoxide to give products.