All cells including all their phases in their cell cycle are expected to contain radioactive DNA after labeling procedure. Concept introduction: Cells are cultured in culture mediums that contain all the necessary nutrients for the cell to grow and divide. Cells that are tested for cell cycle are usually loaded with nucleotides to assess the S phase of the experiment. The DNA is usually found as chromatin reticulum, fine thread-like structures in the nucleus during interphase. When the cell is about to divide, the chromosome undergoes condensation to compact its structure. This structure when stained with suitable dyes is visible during the M phase of the cell cycle. Autoradiography is a technique where the nucleotides are radiolabelled with radioactive isotope of an atom present in them, mostly nitrogen or carbon isotope. These radiolabelled nucleotides when they are incorporated into the DNA during cell division emit radiation. The radioactivity is captured using photographic emulsion. This photographic emulsion when placed over the cells, the radioactive isotope activates the emulsion and wherever the radioactivity is exhibited black dots are observed in the emulsion.

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 14Q

A.

Summary Introduction

To explain: All cells including all their phases in their cell cycle are expected to contain radioactive DNA after labeling procedure.

Concept introduction: Cells are cultured in culture mediums that contain all the necessary nutrients for the cell to grow and divide. Cells that are tested for cell cycle are usually loaded with nucleotides to assess the S phase of the experiment. The DNA is usually found as chromatin reticulum, fine thread-like structures in the nucleus during interphase. When the cell is about to divide, the chromosome undergoes condensation to compact its structure. This structure when stained with suitable dyes is visible during the M phase of the cell cycle. Autoradiography is a technique where the nucleotides are radiolabelled with radioactive isotope of an atom present in them, mostly nitrogen or carbon isotope. These radiolabelled nucleotides when they are incorporated into the DNA during cell division emit radiation. The radioactivity is captured using photographic emulsion. This photographic emulsion when placed over the cells, the radioactive isotope activates the emulsion and wherever the radioactivity is exhibited black dots are observed in the emulsion.

B.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The reason why initially there were no mitotic cells that possessed radioactive DNA.

Concept introduction: Cells are cultured in culture mediums that contain all the necessary nutrients for the cell to grow and divide. Cells that are tested for cell cycle are usually loaded with nucleotides to assess the S phase of the experiment. The DNA is usually found as chromatin reticulum, fine thread-like structures in the nucleus during interphase. When the cell is about to divide, the chromosome undergoes condensation to compact its structure. This structure when stained with suitable dyes is visible during the M phase of the cell cycle. Autoradiography is a technique where the nucleotides are radiolabelled with radioactive isotope of an atom present in them, mostly nitrogen or carbon isotope. These radiolabelled nucleotides when they are incorporated into the DNA during cell division emit radiation. The radioactivity is captured using photographic emulsion. This photographic emulsion when placed over the cells, the radioactive isotope activates the emulsion and wherever the radioactivity is exhibited black dots are observed in the emulsion.

C.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The rise and fall and again the rise of the curve.

Concept introduction: Cells are cultured in culture mediums that contain all the necessary nutrients for the cell to grow and divide. Cells that are tested for cell cycle are usually loaded with nucleotides to assess the S phase of the experiment. The DNA is usually found as chromatin reticulum, fine thread-like structures in the nucleus during interphase. When the cell is about to divide, the chromosome undergoes condensation to compact its structure. This structure when stained with suitable dyes is visible during the M phase of the cell cycle. Autoradiography is a technique where the nucleotides are radiolabelled with radioactive isotope of an atom present in them, mostly nitrogen or carbon isotope. These radiolabelled nucleotides when they are incorporated into the DNA during cell division emit radiation. The radioactivity is captured using photographic emulsion. This photographic emulsion when placed over the cells, the radioactive isotope activates the emulsion and wherever the radioactivity is exhibited black dots are observed in the emulsion.

D.

Summary Introduction

To estimate: The length of G2 phase from the graph obtained.

Concept introduction: Cells are cultured in culture mediums that contain all the necessary nutrients for the cell to grow and divide. Cells that are tested for cell cycle are usually loaded with nucleotides to assess the S phase of the experiment. The DNA is usually found as chromatin reticulum, fine thread-like structures in the nucleus during interphase. When the cell is about to divide, the chromosome undergoes condensation to compact its structure. This structure when stained with suitable dyes is visible during the M phase of the cell cycle. Autoradiography is a technique where the nucleotides are radiolabelled with radioactive isotope of an atom present in them, mostly nitrogen or carbon isotope. These radiolabelled nucleotides when they are incorporated into the DNA during cell division emit radiation. The radioactivity is captured using photographic emulsion. This photographic emulsion when placed over the cells, the radioactive isotope activates the emulsion and wherever the radioactivity is exhibited black dots are observed in the emulsion.

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19. On the diagram below a. Label the three pictures as: DNA; polypeptide; or RNA. b. Label the arrows as: translation or transcription/RNA processing. c. Add the following details to the diagram. Promoter region TATA box Transcription start site Transcription terminator Intron (A,B,C,D) Exons (1,2,3,4,5) Splice sites 5' cap 5' UTR (untranslated region) 3' poly A tail 3' UTR (untranslated region) Translational start (AUG) Translational stop (UGA, UAG, or UAA) N and C ends of polypeptide 0000

Match the letter labels in the figure below to the terms. Some letter labels are not used. MNNNNNNIN M C B A M D F E H K G 8

The diagram below illustrates a quorum sensing pathway from Staphylococcus aureus. Please answer the following questions. 1. Autoinduction is part of the quorum sensing system. Which promoter (P2 or P3) is critical for autoinduction? 2)This staphylococcus aureus grows on human wounds, causing severe infections. You would like to start a clinical trial to treat these wound infections. Please describe: a) What molecule do you recommend for the trial. Why? b) Your trial requires that Staphylococcus aureus be isolated from the wound and submitted to genome sequencing before admittance. Why? What are you testing for? 3) If a mutation arises where the Promoter P3 is constitutively active, how would that influence sensitivity to AIP? Please explain your rationale. 4) This pathway is sensitive to bacterial cell density. Describe two separate mutation that would render the pathway active independent of cell density. Briefly explain your rationale. Mutation 1 Mutation 2

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 14Q

A.

Summary Introduction

To explain: All cells including all their phases in their cell cycle are expected to contain radioactive DNA after labeling procedure.

Concept introduction: Cells are cultured in culture mediums that contain all the necessary nutrients for the cell to grow and divide. Cells that are tested for cell cycle are usually loaded with nucleotides to assess the S phase of the experiment. The DNA is usually found as chromatin reticulum, fine thread-like structures in the nucleus during interphase. When the cell is about to divide, the chromosome undergoes condensation to compact its structure. This structure when stained with suitable dyes is visible during the M phase of the cell cycle. Autoradiography is a technique where the nucleotides are radiolabelled with radioactive isotope of an atom present in them, mostly nitrogen or carbon isotope. These radiolabelled nucleotides when they are incorporated into the DNA during cell division emit radiation. The radioactivity is captured using photographic emulsion. This photographic emulsion when placed over the cells, the radioactive isotope activates the emulsion and wherever the radioactivity is exhibited black dots are observed in the emulsion.

B.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The reason why initially there were no mitotic cells that possessed radioactive DNA.

Concept introduction: Cells are cultured in culture mediums that contain all the necessary nutrients for the cell to grow and divide. Cells that are tested for cell cycle are usually loaded with nucleotides to assess the S phase of the experiment. The DNA is usually found as chromatin reticulum, fine thread-like structures in the nucleus during interphase. When the cell is about to divide, the chromosome undergoes condensation to compact its structure. This structure when stained with suitable dyes is visible during the M phase of the cell cycle. Autoradiography is a technique where the nucleotides are radiolabelled with radioactive isotope of an atom present in them, mostly nitrogen or carbon isotope. These radiolabelled nucleotides when they are incorporated into the DNA during cell division emit radiation. The radioactivity is captured using photographic emulsion. This photographic emulsion when placed over the cells, the radioactive isotope activates the emulsion and wherever the radioactivity is exhibited black dots are observed in the emulsion.

C.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The rise and fall and again the rise of the curve.

Concept introduction: Cells are cultured in culture mediums that contain all the necessary nutrients for the cell to grow and divide. Cells that are tested for cell cycle are usually loaded with nucleotides to assess the S phase of the experiment. The DNA is usually found as chromatin reticulum, fine thread-like structures in the nucleus during interphase. When the cell is about to divide, the chromosome undergoes condensation to compact its structure. This structure when stained with suitable dyes is visible during the M phase of the cell cycle. Autoradiography is a technique where the nucleotides are radiolabelled with radioactive isotope of an atom present in them, mostly nitrogen or carbon isotope. These radiolabelled nucleotides when they are incorporated into the DNA during cell division emit radiation. The radioactivity is captured using photographic emulsion. This photographic emulsion when placed over the cells, the radioactive isotope activates the emulsion and wherever the radioactivity is exhibited black dots are observed in the emulsion.

D.

Summary Introduction

To estimate: The length of G2 phase from the graph obtained.

Concept introduction: Cells are cultured in culture mediums that contain all the necessary nutrients for the cell to grow and divide. Cells that are tested for cell cycle are usually loaded with nucleotides to assess the S phase of the experiment. The DNA is usually found as chromatin reticulum, fine thread-like structures in the nucleus during interphase. When the cell is about to divide, the chromosome undergoes condensation to compact its structure. This structure when stained with suitable dyes is visible during the M phase of the cell cycle. Autoradiography is a technique where the nucleotides are radiolabelled with radioactive isotope of an atom present in them, mostly nitrogen or carbon isotope. These radiolabelled nucleotides when they are incorporated into the DNA during cell division emit radiation. The radioactivity is captured using photographic emulsion. This photographic emulsion when placed over the cells, the radioactive isotope activates the emulsion and wherever the radioactivity is exhibited black dots are observed in the emulsion.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 14Q

A.

Summary Introduction

To explain: All cells including all their phases in their cell cycle are expected to contain radioactive DNA after labeling procedure.

Concept introduction: Cells are cultured in culture mediums that contain all the necessary nutrients for the cell to grow and divide. Cells that are tested for cell cycle are usually loaded with nucleotides to assess the S phase of the experiment. The DNA is usually found as chromatin reticulum, fine thread-like structures in the nucleus during interphase. When the cell is about to divide, the chromosome undergoes condensation to compact its structure. This structure when stained with suitable dyes is visible during the M phase of the cell cycle. Autoradiography is a technique where the nucleotides are radiolabelled with radioactive isotope of an atom present in them, mostly nitrogen or carbon isotope. These radiolabelled nucleotides when they are incorporated into the DNA during cell division emit radiation. The radioactivity is captured using photographic emulsion. This photographic emulsion when placed over the cells, the radioactive isotope activates the emulsion and wherever the radioactivity is exhibited black dots are observed in the emulsion.

B.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The reason why initially there were no mitotic cells that possessed radioactive DNA.

Concept introduction: Cells are cultured in culture mediums that contain all the necessary nutrients for the cell to grow and divide. Cells that are tested for cell cycle are usually loaded with nucleotides to assess the S phase of the experiment. The DNA is usually found as chromatin reticulum, fine thread-like structures in the nucleus during interphase. When the cell is about to divide, the chromosome undergoes condensation to compact its structure. This structure when stained with suitable dyes is visible during the M phase of the cell cycle. Autoradiography is a technique where the nucleotides are radiolabelled with radioactive isotope of an atom present in them, mostly nitrogen or carbon isotope. These radiolabelled nucleotides when they are incorporated into the DNA during cell division emit radiation. The radioactivity is captured using photographic emulsion. This photographic emulsion when placed over the cells, the radioactive isotope activates the emulsion and wherever the radioactivity is exhibited black dots are observed in the emulsion.

C.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The rise and fall and again the rise of the curve.

Concept introduction: Cells are cultured in culture mediums that contain all the necessary nutrients for the cell to grow and divide. Cells that are tested for cell cycle are usually loaded with nucleotides to assess the S phase of the experiment. The DNA is usually found as chromatin reticulum, fine thread-like structures in the nucleus during interphase. When the cell is about to divide, the chromosome undergoes condensation to compact its structure. This structure when stained with suitable dyes is visible during the M phase of the cell cycle. Autoradiography is a technique where the nucleotides are radiolabelled with radioactive isotope of an atom present in them, mostly nitrogen or carbon isotope. These radiolabelled nucleotides when they are incorporated into the DNA during cell division emit radiation. The radioactivity is captured using photographic emulsion. This photographic emulsion when placed over the cells, the radioactive isotope activates the emulsion and wherever the radioactivity is exhibited black dots are observed in the emulsion.

D.

Summary Introduction

To estimate: The length of G2 phase from the graph obtained.

Concept introduction: Cells are cultured in culture mediums that contain all the necessary nutrients for the cell to grow and divide. Cells that are tested for cell cycle are usually loaded with nucleotides to assess the S phase of the experiment. The DNA is usually found as chromatin reticulum, fine thread-like structures in the nucleus during interphase. When the cell is about to divide, the chromosome undergoes condensation to compact its structure. This structure when stained with suitable dyes is visible during the M phase of the cell cycle. Autoradiography is a technique where the nucleotides are radiolabelled with radioactive isotope of an atom present in them, mostly nitrogen or carbon isotope. These radiolabelled nucleotides when they are incorporated into the DNA during cell division emit radiation. The radioactivity is captured using photographic emulsion. This photographic emulsion when placed over the cells, the radioactive isotope activates the emulsion and wherever the radioactivity is exhibited black dots are observed in the emulsion.

Expert Solution & Answer

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 18, Problem 14Q

A.

Summary Introduction

To explain: All cells including all their phases in their cell cycle are expected to contain radioactive DNA after labeling procedure.

Concept introduction: Cells are cultured in culture mediums that contain all the necessary nutrients for the cell to grow and divide. Cells that are tested for cell cycle are usually loaded with nucleotides to assess the S phase of the experiment. The DNA is usually found as chromatin reticulum, fine thread-like structures in the nucleus during interphase. When the cell is about to divide, the chromosome undergoes condensation to compact its structure. This structure when stained with suitable dyes is visible during the M phase of the cell cycle. Autoradiography is a technique where the nucleotides are radiolabelled with radioactive isotope of an atom present in them, mostly nitrogen or carbon isotope. These radiolabelled nucleotides when they are incorporated into the DNA during cell division emit radiation. The radioactivity is captured using photographic emulsion. This photographic emulsion when placed over the cells, the radioactive isotope activates the emulsion and wherever the radioactivity is exhibited black dots are observed in the emulsion.

B.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The reason why initially there were no mitotic cells that possessed radioactive DNA.

Concept introduction: Cells are cultured in culture mediums that contain all the necessary nutrients for the cell to grow and divide. Cells that are tested for cell cycle are usually loaded with nucleotides to assess the S phase of the experiment. The DNA is usually found as chromatin reticulum, fine thread-like structures in the nucleus during interphase. When the cell is about to divide, the chromosome undergoes condensation to compact its structure. This structure when stained with suitable dyes is visible during the M phase of the cell cycle. Autoradiography is a technique where the nucleotides are radiolabelled with radioactive isotope of an atom present in them, mostly nitrogen or carbon isotope. These radiolabelled nucleotides when they are incorporated into the DNA during cell division emit radiation. The radioactivity is captured using photographic emulsion. This photographic emulsion when placed over the cells, the radioactive isotope activates the emulsion and wherever the radioactivity is exhibited black dots are observed in the emulsion.

C.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The rise and fall and again the rise of the curve.

Concept introduction: Cells are cultured in culture mediums that contain all the necessary nutrients for the cell to grow and divide. Cells that are tested for cell cycle are usually loaded with nucleotides to assess the S phase of the experiment. The DNA is usually found as chromatin reticulum, fine thread-like structures in the nucleus during interphase. When the cell is about to divide, the chromosome undergoes condensation to compact its structure. This structure when stained with suitable dyes is visible during the M phase of the cell cycle. Autoradiography is a technique where the nucleotides are radiolabelled with radioactive isotope of an atom present in them, mostly nitrogen or carbon isotope. These radiolabelled nucleotides when they are incorporated into the DNA during cell division emit radiation. The radioactivity is captured using photographic emulsion. This photographic emulsion when placed over the cells, the radioactive isotope activates the emulsion and wherever the radioactivity is exhibited black dots are observed in the emulsion.

D.

Summary Introduction

To estimate: The length of G2 phase from the graph obtained.

Concept introduction: Cells are cultured in culture mediums that contain all the necessary nutrients for the cell to grow and divide. Cells that are tested for cell cycle are usually loaded with nucleotides to assess the S phase of the experiment. The DNA is usually found as chromatin reticulum, fine thread-like structures in the nucleus during interphase. When the cell is about to divide, the chromosome undergoes condensation to compact its structure. This structure when stained with suitable dyes is visible during the M phase of the cell cycle. Autoradiography is a technique where the nucleotides are radiolabelled with radioactive isotope of an atom present in them, mostly nitrogen or carbon isotope. These radiolabelled nucleotides when they are incorporated into the DNA during cell division emit radiation. The radioactivity is captured using photographic emulsion. This photographic emulsion when placed over the cells, the radioactive isotope activates the emulsion and wherever the radioactivity is exhibited black dots are observed in the emulsion.

Expert Solution & Answer

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Answer 5

Chapter 18, Problem 14Q

A.

Summary Introduction

To explain: All cells including all their phases in their cell cycle are expected to contain radioactive DNA after labeling procedure.

Concept introduction: Cells are cultured in culture mediums that contain all the necessary nutrients for the cell to grow and divide. Cells that are tested for cell cycle are usually loaded with nucleotides to assess the S phase of the experiment. The DNA is usually found as chromatin reticulum, fine thread-like structures in the nucleus during interphase. When the cell is about to divide, the chromosome undergoes condensation to compact its structure. This structure when stained with suitable dyes is visible during the M phase of the cell cycle. Autoradiography is a technique where the nucleotides are radiolabelled with radioactive isotope of an atom present in them, mostly nitrogen or carbon isotope. These radiolabelled nucleotides when they are incorporated into the DNA during cell division emit radiation. The radioactivity is captured using photographic emulsion. This photographic emulsion when placed over the cells, the radioactive isotope activates the emulsion and wherever the radioactivity is exhibited black dots are observed in the emulsion.

B.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The reason why initially there were no mitotic cells that possessed radioactive DNA.

Concept introduction: Cells are cultured in culture mediums that contain all the necessary nutrients for the cell to grow and divide. Cells that are tested for cell cycle are usually loaded with nucleotides to assess the S phase of the experiment. The DNA is usually found as chromatin reticulum, fine thread-like structures in the nucleus during interphase. When the cell is about to divide, the chromosome undergoes condensation to compact its structure. This structure when stained with suitable dyes is visible during the M phase of the cell cycle. Autoradiography is a technique where the nucleotides are radiolabelled with radioactive isotope of an atom present in them, mostly nitrogen or carbon isotope. These radiolabelled nucleotides when they are incorporated into the DNA during cell division emit radiation. The radioactivity is captured using photographic emulsion. This photographic emulsion when placed over the cells, the radioactive isotope activates the emulsion and wherever the radioactivity is exhibited black dots are observed in the emulsion.

C.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The rise and fall and again the rise of the curve.

Concept introduction: Cells are cultured in culture mediums that contain all the necessary nutrients for the cell to grow and divide. Cells that are tested for cell cycle are usually loaded with nucleotides to assess the S phase of the experiment. The DNA is usually found as chromatin reticulum, fine thread-like structures in the nucleus during interphase. When the cell is about to divide, the chromosome undergoes condensation to compact its structure. This structure when stained with suitable dyes is visible during the M phase of the cell cycle. Autoradiography is a technique where the nucleotides are radiolabelled with radioactive isotope of an atom present in them, mostly nitrogen or carbon isotope. These radiolabelled nucleotides when they are incorporated into the DNA during cell division emit radiation. The radioactivity is captured using photographic emulsion. This photographic emulsion when placed over the cells, the radioactive isotope activates the emulsion and wherever the radioactivity is exhibited black dots are observed in the emulsion.

D.

Summary Introduction

To estimate: The length of G2 phase from the graph obtained.

Concept introduction: Cells are cultured in culture mediums that contain all the necessary nutrients for the cell to grow and divide. Cells that are tested for cell cycle are usually loaded with nucleotides to assess the S phase of the experiment. The DNA is usually found as chromatin reticulum, fine thread-like structures in the nucleus during interphase. When the cell is about to divide, the chromosome undergoes condensation to compact its structure. This structure when stained with suitable dyes is visible during the M phase of the cell cycle. Autoradiography is a technique where the nucleotides are radiolabelled with radioactive isotope of an atom present in them, mostly nitrogen or carbon isotope. These radiolabelled nucleotides when they are incorporated into the DNA during cell division emit radiation. The radioactivity is captured using photographic emulsion. This photographic emulsion when placed over the cells, the radioactive isotope activates the emulsion and wherever the radioactivity is exhibited black dots are observed in the emulsion.

Answer 6

Chapter 18, Problem 14Q

A.

Summary Introduction

To explain: All cells including all their phases in their cell cycle are expected to contain radioactive DNA after labeling procedure.

Concept introduction: Cells are cultured in culture mediums that contain all the necessary nutrients for the cell to grow and divide. Cells that are tested for cell cycle are usually loaded with nucleotides to assess the S phase of the experiment. The DNA is usually found as chromatin reticulum, fine thread-like structures in the nucleus during interphase. When the cell is about to divide, the chromosome undergoes condensation to compact its structure. This structure when stained with suitable dyes is visible during the M phase of the cell cycle. Autoradiography is a technique where the nucleotides are radiolabelled with radioactive isotope of an atom present in them, mostly nitrogen or carbon isotope. These radiolabelled nucleotides when they are incorporated into the DNA during cell division emit radiation. The radioactivity is captured using photographic emulsion. This photographic emulsion when placed over the cells, the radioactive isotope activates the emulsion and wherever the radioactivity is exhibited black dots are observed in the emulsion.

Answer 7

Chapter 18, Problem 14Q

A.

Summary Introduction

To explain: All cells including all their phases in their cell cycle are expected to contain radioactive DNA after labeling procedure.

Concept introduction: Cells are cultured in culture mediums that contain all the necessary nutrients for the cell to grow and divide. Cells that are tested for cell cycle are usually loaded with nucleotides to assess the S phase of the experiment. The DNA is usually found as chromatin reticulum, fine thread-like structures in the nucleus during interphase. When the cell is about to divide, the chromosome undergoes condensation to compact its structure. This structure when stained with suitable dyes is visible during the M phase of the cell cycle. Autoradiography is a technique where the nucleotides are radiolabelled with radioactive isotope of an atom present in them, mostly nitrogen or carbon isotope. These radiolabelled nucleotides when they are incorporated into the DNA during cell division emit radiation. The radioactivity is captured using photographic emulsion. This photographic emulsion when placed over the cells, the radioactive isotope activates the emulsion and wherever the radioactivity is exhibited black dots are observed in the emulsion.

Answer 8

B.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The reason why initially there were no mitotic cells that possessed radioactive DNA.

Concept introduction: Cells are cultured in culture mediums that contain all the necessary nutrients for the cell to grow and divide. Cells that are tested for cell cycle are usually loaded with nucleotides to assess the S phase of the experiment. The DNA is usually found as chromatin reticulum, fine thread-like structures in the nucleus during interphase. When the cell is about to divide, the chromosome undergoes condensation to compact its structure. This structure when stained with suitable dyes is visible during the M phase of the cell cycle. Autoradiography is a technique where the nucleotides are radiolabelled with radioactive isotope of an atom present in them, mostly nitrogen or carbon isotope. These radiolabelled nucleotides when they are incorporated into the DNA during cell division emit radiation. The radioactivity is captured using photographic emulsion. This photographic emulsion when placed over the cells, the radioactive isotope activates the emulsion and wherever the radioactivity is exhibited black dots are observed in the emulsion.

Answer 9

B.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The reason why initially there were no mitotic cells that possessed radioactive DNA.

Concept introduction: Cells are cultured in culture mediums that contain all the necessary nutrients for the cell to grow and divide. Cells that are tested for cell cycle are usually loaded with nucleotides to assess the S phase of the experiment. The DNA is usually found as chromatin reticulum, fine thread-like structures in the nucleus during interphase. When the cell is about to divide, the chromosome undergoes condensation to compact its structure. This structure when stained with suitable dyes is visible during the M phase of the cell cycle. Autoradiography is a technique where the nucleotides are radiolabelled with radioactive isotope of an atom present in them, mostly nitrogen or carbon isotope. These radiolabelled nucleotides when they are incorporated into the DNA during cell division emit radiation. The radioactivity is captured using photographic emulsion. This photographic emulsion when placed over the cells, the radioactive isotope activates the emulsion and wherever the radioactivity is exhibited black dots are observed in the emulsion.

Answer 10

C.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The rise and fall and again the rise of the curve.

Concept introduction: Cells are cultured in culture mediums that contain all the necessary nutrients for the cell to grow and divide. Cells that are tested for cell cycle are usually loaded with nucleotides to assess the S phase of the experiment. The DNA is usually found as chromatin reticulum, fine thread-like structures in the nucleus during interphase. When the cell is about to divide, the chromosome undergoes condensation to compact its structure. This structure when stained with suitable dyes is visible during the M phase of the cell cycle. Autoradiography is a technique where the nucleotides are radiolabelled with radioactive isotope of an atom present in them, mostly nitrogen or carbon isotope. These radiolabelled nucleotides when they are incorporated into the DNA during cell division emit radiation. The radioactivity is captured using photographic emulsion. This photographic emulsion when placed over the cells, the radioactive isotope activates the emulsion and wherever the radioactivity is exhibited black dots are observed in the emulsion.

Answer 11

C.

Summary Introduction

To explain: The rise and fall and again the rise of the curve.

Concept introduction: Cells are cultured in culture mediums that contain all the necessary nutrients for the cell to grow and divide. Cells that are tested for cell cycle are usually loaded with nucleotides to assess the S phase of the experiment. The DNA is usually found as chromatin reticulum, fine thread-like structures in the nucleus during interphase. When the cell is about to divide, the chromosome undergoes condensation to compact its structure. This structure when stained with suitable dyes is visible during the M phase of the cell cycle. Autoradiography is a technique where the nucleotides are radiolabelled with radioactive isotope of an atom present in them, mostly nitrogen or carbon isotope. These radiolabelled nucleotides when they are incorporated into the DNA during cell division emit radiation. The radioactivity is captured using photographic emulsion. This photographic emulsion when placed over the cells, the radioactive isotope activates the emulsion and wherever the radioactivity is exhibited black dots are observed in the emulsion.

Answer 12

D.

Summary Introduction

To estimate: The length of G2 phase from the graph obtained.

Concept introduction: Cells are cultured in culture mediums that contain all the necessary nutrients for the cell to grow and divide. Cells that are tested for cell cycle are usually loaded with nucleotides to assess the S phase of the experiment. The DNA is usually found as chromatin reticulum, fine thread-like structures in the nucleus during interphase. When the cell is about to divide, the chromosome undergoes condensation to compact its structure. This structure when stained with suitable dyes is visible during the M phase of the cell cycle. Autoradiography is a technique where the nucleotides are radiolabelled with radioactive isotope of an atom present in them, mostly nitrogen or carbon isotope. These radiolabelled nucleotides when they are incorporated into the DNA during cell division emit radiation. The radioactivity is captured using photographic emulsion. This photographic emulsion when placed over the cells, the radioactive isotope activates the emulsion and wherever the radioactivity is exhibited black dots are observed in the emulsion.

Answer 13

D.

Summary Introduction

To estimate: The length of G2 phase from the graph obtained.

Concept introduction: Cells are cultured in culture mediums that contain all the necessary nutrients for the cell to grow and divide. Cells that are tested for cell cycle are usually loaded with nucleotides to assess the S phase of the experiment. The DNA is usually found as chromatin reticulum, fine thread-like structures in the nucleus during interphase. When the cell is about to divide, the chromosome undergoes condensation to compact its structure. This structure when stained with suitable dyes is visible during the M phase of the cell cycle. Autoradiography is a technique where the nucleotides are radiolabelled with radioactive isotope of an atom present in them, mostly nitrogen or carbon isotope. These radiolabelled nucleotides when they are incorporated into the DNA during cell division emit radiation. The radioactivity is captured using photographic emulsion. This photographic emulsion when placed over the cells, the radioactive isotope activates the emulsion and wherever the radioactivity is exhibited black dots are observed in the emulsion.

Answer 14

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Answer 15

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Ch. 18 - Prob. 1Q Ch. 18 - Prob. 2Q Ch. 18 - Prob. 3Q Ch. 18 - Prob. 4Q Ch. 18 - Prob. 5Q Ch. 18 - Prob. 6Q Ch. 18 - Prob. 7Q Ch. 18 - Prob. 8Q Ch. 18 - Prob. 9Q Ch. 18 - Prob. 10Q

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