The reason for using the terms pyruvate and lactate rather than pyruvic acid and lactic acid at p H = 7.4 has to be explained. Concept Introduction: Carboxylic acid : One − O H group is attached to the carbonyl carbon atom of the compound. It is represented as R C O O H Carboxylate anion: They are anions formed when hydrogen atom is removed from the − C O O H group of carboxylic acid. It forms an equilibrium with carboxylic acid in an aqueous solution.

Question

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Answer 1

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 17, Problem 17.30UKC

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reason for using the terms pyruvate and lactate rather than pyruvic acid and lactic acid at pH=7.4 has to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Carboxylic acid: One −OH group is attached to the carbonyl carbon atom of the compound. It is represented as RCOOH

Carboxylate anion: They are anions formed when hydrogen atom is removed from the −COOH group of carboxylic acid. It forms an equilibrium with carboxylic acid in an aqueous solution.

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 17.30UKC

At pH=7.4, pyruvic acid and lactic acid exist as anions(pyruvate and lactate)

Explanation of Solution

Carboxylate anions are anions formed when hydrogen atom is removed from the −COOH group of carboxylic acid. It forms an equilibrium with carboxylic acid in an aqueous solution.

At pH=7.4, pyruvic acid and lactic acid exist as anions where hydrogen atom is removed from the −COOH group.

Therefore,

At pH=7.4 pyruvate and lactate exist.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structures acid altered to create pyruvic and lactic acid has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Carboxylic acid: One −OH group is attached to the carbonyl carbon atom of the compound. It is represented as RCOOH

Carboxylate anion: They are anions formed when hydrogen atom is removed from the −COOH group of carboxylic acid. It forms an equilibrium with carboxylic acid in an aqueous solution.

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 17.30UKC

The altered structure is

Pearson eText Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry -- Instant Access (Pearson+), Chapter 17, Problem 17.30UKC , additional homework tip 1

Explanation of Solution

Carboxylate anions are anions formed when hydrogen atom is removed from the −COOH group of carboxylic acid. It forms an equilibrium with carboxylic acid in an aqueous solution.

To alter the structures of pyruvate and lactate to create pyruvic acid and lactic acid, one hydrogen atom is added to the −COO− group.

Therefore,

The structures acid altered to create pyruvic and lactic acid are,

Pearson eText Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry -- Instant Access (Pearson+), Chapter 17, Problem 17.30UKC , additional homework tip 2

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The hydrogen bonding in pyruvate and lactate has to be drawn. The expected difference in the solubility of pyruvate and lactate in water has to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Solubility: The maximum quantity of a solute which can be dissolved at a particular amount of solvent in a certain temperature.

Carboxylic acid: One −OH group is attached to the carbonyl carbon atom of the compound. It is represented as RCOOH

Carboxylate anion: They are anions formed when hydrogen atom is removed from the −COOH group of carboxylic acid. It forms an equilibrium with carboxylic acid in an aqueous solution.

Hydrogen bonding is a type of dipole-dipole interaction of molecules when the hydrogen is bonded to strong electronegative atom in the molecules.

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 17.30UKC

The solubilities of pyruvate and lactate in water is similar.
Hydrogen bonding in pyruvate,

Pearson eText Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry -- Instant Access (Pearson+), Chapter 17, Problem 17.30UKC , additional homework tip 3

Hydrogen bonding in lactate,

Pearson eText Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry -- Instant Access (Pearson+), Chapter 17, Problem 17.30UKC , additional homework tip 4

Explanation of Solution

Hydrogen bonding is a type of dipole-dipole interaction of molecules when the hydrogen is bonded to strong electronegative atom in the molecules.

The oxygen atom in the −COO− group of pyruvate and lactate forms hydrogen bond with the hydrogen atom of water molecule.
The hydrogen atom in the −OH group present in the lactate forms hydrogen bonding with oxygen atom of water molecule whereas oxygen atom on the carbonyl carbon present in the pyruvate forms hydrogen bonding with hydrogen atom of water molecule
Since both pyruvate and lactate can form hydrogen bond with water molecule, they are soluble in water. The solubilities of pyruvate and lactate in water is similar.

Hydrogen bonding in pyruvate,

Pearson eText Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry -- Instant Access (Pearson+), Chapter 17, Problem 17.30UKC , additional homework tip 5

Hydrogen bonding in lactate,

Pearson eText Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry -- Instant Access (Pearson+), Chapter 17, Problem 17.30UKC , additional homework tip 6

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Answer 2

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 17, Problem 17.30UKC

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reason for using the terms pyruvate and lactate rather than pyruvic acid and lactic acid at pH=7.4 has to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Carboxylic acid: One −OH group is attached to the carbonyl carbon atom of the compound. It is represented as RCOOH

Carboxylate anion: They are anions formed when hydrogen atom is removed from the −COOH group of carboxylic acid. It forms an equilibrium with carboxylic acid in an aqueous solution.

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 17.30UKC

At pH=7.4, pyruvic acid and lactic acid exist as anions(pyruvate and lactate)

Explanation of Solution

Carboxylate anions are anions formed when hydrogen atom is removed from the −COOH group of carboxylic acid. It forms an equilibrium with carboxylic acid in an aqueous solution.

At pH=7.4, pyruvic acid and lactic acid exist as anions where hydrogen atom is removed from the −COOH group.

Therefore,

At pH=7.4 pyruvate and lactate exist.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structures acid altered to create pyruvic and lactic acid has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Carboxylic acid: One −OH group is attached to the carbonyl carbon atom of the compound. It is represented as RCOOH

Carboxylate anion: They are anions formed when hydrogen atom is removed from the −COOH group of carboxylic acid. It forms an equilibrium with carboxylic acid in an aqueous solution.

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 17.30UKC

The altered structure is

Pearson eText Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry -- Instant Access (Pearson+), Chapter 17, Problem 17.30UKC , additional homework tip 1

Explanation of Solution

Carboxylate anions are anions formed when hydrogen atom is removed from the −COOH group of carboxylic acid. It forms an equilibrium with carboxylic acid in an aqueous solution.

To alter the structures of pyruvate and lactate to create pyruvic acid and lactic acid, one hydrogen atom is added to the −COO− group.

Therefore,

The structures acid altered to create pyruvic and lactic acid are,

Pearson eText Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry -- Instant Access (Pearson+), Chapter 17, Problem 17.30UKC , additional homework tip 2

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The hydrogen bonding in pyruvate and lactate has to be drawn. The expected difference in the solubility of pyruvate and lactate in water has to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Solubility: The maximum quantity of a solute which can be dissolved at a particular amount of solvent in a certain temperature.

Carboxylic acid: One −OH group is attached to the carbonyl carbon atom of the compound. It is represented as RCOOH

Carboxylate anion: They are anions formed when hydrogen atom is removed from the −COOH group of carboxylic acid. It forms an equilibrium with carboxylic acid in an aqueous solution.

Hydrogen bonding is a type of dipole-dipole interaction of molecules when the hydrogen is bonded to strong electronegative atom in the molecules.

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 17.30UKC

The solubilities of pyruvate and lactate in water is similar.
Hydrogen bonding in pyruvate,

Pearson eText Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry -- Instant Access (Pearson+), Chapter 17, Problem 17.30UKC , additional homework tip 3

Hydrogen bonding in lactate,

Pearson eText Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry -- Instant Access (Pearson+), Chapter 17, Problem 17.30UKC , additional homework tip 4

Explanation of Solution

Hydrogen bonding is a type of dipole-dipole interaction of molecules when the hydrogen is bonded to strong electronegative atom in the molecules.

The oxygen atom in the −COO− group of pyruvate and lactate forms hydrogen bond with the hydrogen atom of water molecule.
The hydrogen atom in the −OH group present in the lactate forms hydrogen bonding with oxygen atom of water molecule whereas oxygen atom on the carbonyl carbon present in the pyruvate forms hydrogen bonding with hydrogen atom of water molecule
Since both pyruvate and lactate can form hydrogen bond with water molecule, they are soluble in water. The solubilities of pyruvate and lactate in water is similar.

Hydrogen bonding in pyruvate,

Pearson eText Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry -- Instant Access (Pearson+), Chapter 17, Problem 17.30UKC , additional homework tip 5

Hydrogen bonding in lactate,

Pearson eText Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry -- Instant Access (Pearson+), Chapter 17, Problem 17.30UKC , additional homework tip 6

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 3

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 17, Problem 17.30UKC

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reason for using the terms pyruvate and lactate rather than pyruvic acid and lactic acid at pH=7.4 has to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Carboxylic acid: One −OH group is attached to the carbonyl carbon atom of the compound. It is represented as RCOOH

Carboxylate anion: They are anions formed when hydrogen atom is removed from the −COOH group of carboxylic acid. It forms an equilibrium with carboxylic acid in an aqueous solution.

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 17.30UKC

At pH=7.4, pyruvic acid and lactic acid exist as anions(pyruvate and lactate)

Explanation of Solution

Carboxylate anions are anions formed when hydrogen atom is removed from the −COOH group of carboxylic acid. It forms an equilibrium with carboxylic acid in an aqueous solution.

At pH=7.4, pyruvic acid and lactic acid exist as anions where hydrogen atom is removed from the −COOH group.

Therefore,

At pH=7.4 pyruvate and lactate exist.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structures acid altered to create pyruvic and lactic acid has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Carboxylic acid: One −OH group is attached to the carbonyl carbon atom of the compound. It is represented as RCOOH

Carboxylate anion: They are anions formed when hydrogen atom is removed from the −COOH group of carboxylic acid. It forms an equilibrium with carboxylic acid in an aqueous solution.

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 17.30UKC

The altered structure is

Pearson eText Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry -- Instant Access (Pearson+), Chapter 17, Problem 17.30UKC , additional homework tip 1

Explanation of Solution

Carboxylate anions are anions formed when hydrogen atom is removed from the −COOH group of carboxylic acid. It forms an equilibrium with carboxylic acid in an aqueous solution.

To alter the structures of pyruvate and lactate to create pyruvic acid and lactic acid, one hydrogen atom is added to the −COO− group.

Therefore,

The structures acid altered to create pyruvic and lactic acid are,

Pearson eText Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry -- Instant Access (Pearson+), Chapter 17, Problem 17.30UKC , additional homework tip 2

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The hydrogen bonding in pyruvate and lactate has to be drawn. The expected difference in the solubility of pyruvate and lactate in water has to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Solubility: The maximum quantity of a solute which can be dissolved at a particular amount of solvent in a certain temperature.

Carboxylic acid: One −OH group is attached to the carbonyl carbon atom of the compound. It is represented as RCOOH

Carboxylate anion: They are anions formed when hydrogen atom is removed from the −COOH group of carboxylic acid. It forms an equilibrium with carboxylic acid in an aqueous solution.

Hydrogen bonding is a type of dipole-dipole interaction of molecules when the hydrogen is bonded to strong electronegative atom in the molecules.

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 17.30UKC

The solubilities of pyruvate and lactate in water is similar.
Hydrogen bonding in pyruvate,

Pearson eText Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry -- Instant Access (Pearson+), Chapter 17, Problem 17.30UKC , additional homework tip 3

Hydrogen bonding in lactate,

Pearson eText Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry -- Instant Access (Pearson+), Chapter 17, Problem 17.30UKC , additional homework tip 4

Explanation of Solution

Hydrogen bonding is a type of dipole-dipole interaction of molecules when the hydrogen is bonded to strong electronegative atom in the molecules.

The oxygen atom in the −COO− group of pyruvate and lactate forms hydrogen bond with the hydrogen atom of water molecule.
The hydrogen atom in the −OH group present in the lactate forms hydrogen bonding with oxygen atom of water molecule whereas oxygen atom on the carbonyl carbon present in the pyruvate forms hydrogen bonding with hydrogen atom of water molecule
Since both pyruvate and lactate can form hydrogen bond with water molecule, they are soluble in water. The solubilities of pyruvate and lactate in water is similar.

Hydrogen bonding in pyruvate,

Pearson eText Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry -- Instant Access (Pearson+), Chapter 17, Problem 17.30UKC , additional homework tip 5

Hydrogen bonding in lactate,

Pearson eText Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry -- Instant Access (Pearson+), Chapter 17, Problem 17.30UKC , additional homework tip 6

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 4

Question

Definition Definition Class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group ( - COOH ) and has a general formula R - COOH or R - CO 2 H , where R refers to the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, or other groups. They can undergo different chemical reactions, such as acid-base reactions, esterification, and oxidation. These are essential components of living organisms, playing important roles in metabolic processes, signaling, and as pharmaceuticals.

Chapter 17, Problem 17.30UKC

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reason for using the terms pyruvate and lactate rather than pyruvic acid and lactic acid at pH=7.4 has to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Carboxylic acid: One −OH group is attached to the carbonyl carbon atom of the compound. It is represented as RCOOH

Carboxylate anion: They are anions formed when hydrogen atom is removed from the −COOH group of carboxylic acid. It forms an equilibrium with carboxylic acid in an aqueous solution.

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 17.30UKC

At pH=7.4, pyruvic acid and lactic acid exist as anions(pyruvate and lactate)

Explanation of Solution

Carboxylate anions are anions formed when hydrogen atom is removed from the −COOH group of carboxylic acid. It forms an equilibrium with carboxylic acid in an aqueous solution.

At pH=7.4, pyruvic acid and lactic acid exist as anions where hydrogen atom is removed from the −COOH group.

Therefore,

At pH=7.4 pyruvate and lactate exist.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structures acid altered to create pyruvic and lactic acid has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Carboxylic acid: One −OH group is attached to the carbonyl carbon atom of the compound. It is represented as RCOOH

Carboxylate anion: They are anions formed when hydrogen atom is removed from the −COOH group of carboxylic acid. It forms an equilibrium with carboxylic acid in an aqueous solution.

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 17.30UKC

The altered structure is

Pearson eText Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry -- Instant Access (Pearson+), Chapter 17, Problem 17.30UKC , additional homework tip 1

Explanation of Solution

Carboxylate anions are anions formed when hydrogen atom is removed from the −COOH group of carboxylic acid. It forms an equilibrium with carboxylic acid in an aqueous solution.

To alter the structures of pyruvate and lactate to create pyruvic acid and lactic acid, one hydrogen atom is added to the −COO− group.

Therefore,

The structures acid altered to create pyruvic and lactic acid are,

Pearson eText Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry -- Instant Access (Pearson+), Chapter 17, Problem 17.30UKC , additional homework tip 2

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The hydrogen bonding in pyruvate and lactate has to be drawn. The expected difference in the solubility of pyruvate and lactate in water has to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Solubility: The maximum quantity of a solute which can be dissolved at a particular amount of solvent in a certain temperature.

Carboxylic acid: One −OH group is attached to the carbonyl carbon atom of the compound. It is represented as RCOOH

Carboxylate anion: They are anions formed when hydrogen atom is removed from the −COOH group of carboxylic acid. It forms an equilibrium with carboxylic acid in an aqueous solution.

Hydrogen bonding is a type of dipole-dipole interaction of molecules when the hydrogen is bonded to strong electronegative atom in the molecules.

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 17.30UKC

The solubilities of pyruvate and lactate in water is similar.
Hydrogen bonding in pyruvate,

Pearson eText Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry -- Instant Access (Pearson+), Chapter 17, Problem 17.30UKC , additional homework tip 3

Hydrogen bonding in lactate,

Pearson eText Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry -- Instant Access (Pearson+), Chapter 17, Problem 17.30UKC , additional homework tip 4

Explanation of Solution

Hydrogen bonding is a type of dipole-dipole interaction of molecules when the hydrogen is bonded to strong electronegative atom in the molecules.

The oxygen atom in the −COO− group of pyruvate and lactate forms hydrogen bond with the hydrogen atom of water molecule.
The hydrogen atom in the −OH group present in the lactate forms hydrogen bonding with oxygen atom of water molecule whereas oxygen atom on the carbonyl carbon present in the pyruvate forms hydrogen bonding with hydrogen atom of water molecule
Since both pyruvate and lactate can form hydrogen bond with water molecule, they are soluble in water. The solubilities of pyruvate and lactate in water is similar.

Hydrogen bonding in pyruvate,

Pearson eText Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry -- Instant Access (Pearson+), Chapter 17, Problem 17.30UKC , additional homework tip 5

Hydrogen bonding in lactate,

Pearson eText Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry -- Instant Access (Pearson+), Chapter 17, Problem 17.30UKC , additional homework tip 6

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 5

Chapter 17, Problem 17.30UKC

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reason for using the terms pyruvate and lactate rather than pyruvic acid and lactic acid at pH=7.4 has to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Carboxylic acid: One −OH group is attached to the carbonyl carbon atom of the compound. It is represented as RCOOH

Carboxylate anion: They are anions formed when hydrogen atom is removed from the −COOH group of carboxylic acid. It forms an equilibrium with carboxylic acid in an aqueous solution.

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 17.30UKC

At pH=7.4, pyruvic acid and lactic acid exist as anions(pyruvate and lactate)

Explanation of Solution

Carboxylate anions are anions formed when hydrogen atom is removed from the −COOH group of carboxylic acid. It forms an equilibrium with carboxylic acid in an aqueous solution.

At pH=7.4, pyruvic acid and lactic acid exist as anions where hydrogen atom is removed from the −COOH group.

Therefore,

At pH=7.4 pyruvate and lactate exist.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structures acid altered to create pyruvic and lactic acid has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Carboxylic acid: One −OH group is attached to the carbonyl carbon atom of the compound. It is represented as RCOOH

Carboxylate anion: They are anions formed when hydrogen atom is removed from the −COOH group of carboxylic acid. It forms an equilibrium with carboxylic acid in an aqueous solution.

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 17.30UKC

The altered structure is

Pearson eText Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry -- Instant Access (Pearson+), Chapter 17, Problem 17.30UKC , additional homework tip 1

Explanation of Solution

Carboxylate anions are anions formed when hydrogen atom is removed from the −COOH group of carboxylic acid. It forms an equilibrium with carboxylic acid in an aqueous solution.

To alter the structures of pyruvate and lactate to create pyruvic acid and lactic acid, one hydrogen atom is added to the −COO− group.

Therefore,

The structures acid altered to create pyruvic and lactic acid are,

Pearson eText Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry -- Instant Access (Pearson+), Chapter 17, Problem 17.30UKC , additional homework tip 2

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The hydrogen bonding in pyruvate and lactate has to be drawn. The expected difference in the solubility of pyruvate and lactate in water has to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Solubility: The maximum quantity of a solute which can be dissolved at a particular amount of solvent in a certain temperature.

Carboxylic acid: One −OH group is attached to the carbonyl carbon atom of the compound. It is represented as RCOOH

Carboxylate anion: They are anions formed when hydrogen atom is removed from the −COOH group of carboxylic acid. It forms an equilibrium with carboxylic acid in an aqueous solution.

Hydrogen bonding is a type of dipole-dipole interaction of molecules when the hydrogen is bonded to strong electronegative atom in the molecules.

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 17.30UKC

The solubilities of pyruvate and lactate in water is similar.
Hydrogen bonding in pyruvate,

Pearson eText Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry -- Instant Access (Pearson+), Chapter 17, Problem 17.30UKC , additional homework tip 3

Hydrogen bonding in lactate,

Pearson eText Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry -- Instant Access (Pearson+), Chapter 17, Problem 17.30UKC , additional homework tip 4

Explanation of Solution

Hydrogen bonding is a type of dipole-dipole interaction of molecules when the hydrogen is bonded to strong electronegative atom in the molecules.

The oxygen atom in the −COO− group of pyruvate and lactate forms hydrogen bond with the hydrogen atom of water molecule.
The hydrogen atom in the −OH group present in the lactate forms hydrogen bonding with oxygen atom of water molecule whereas oxygen atom on the carbonyl carbon present in the pyruvate forms hydrogen bonding with hydrogen atom of water molecule
Since both pyruvate and lactate can form hydrogen bond with water molecule, they are soluble in water. The solubilities of pyruvate and lactate in water is similar.

Hydrogen bonding in pyruvate,

Pearson eText Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry -- Instant Access (Pearson+), Chapter 17, Problem 17.30UKC , additional homework tip 5

Hydrogen bonding in lactate,

Pearson eText Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry -- Instant Access (Pearson+), Chapter 17, Problem 17.30UKC , additional homework tip 6

Answer 6

Chapter 17, Problem 17.30UKC

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reason for using the terms pyruvate and lactate rather than pyruvic acid and lactic acid at pH=7.4 has to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Carboxylic acid: One −OH group is attached to the carbonyl carbon atom of the compound. It is represented as RCOOH

Carboxylate anion: They are anions formed when hydrogen atom is removed from the −COOH group of carboxylic acid. It forms an equilibrium with carboxylic acid in an aqueous solution.

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 17.30UKC

At pH=7.4, pyruvic acid and lactic acid exist as anions(pyruvate and lactate)

Explanation of Solution

Carboxylate anions are anions formed when hydrogen atom is removed from the −COOH group of carboxylic acid. It forms an equilibrium with carboxylic acid in an aqueous solution.

At pH=7.4, pyruvic acid and lactic acid exist as anions where hydrogen atom is removed from the −COOH group.

Therefore,

At pH=7.4 pyruvate and lactate exist.

Answer 7

Chapter 17, Problem 17.30UKC

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The reason for using the terms pyruvate and lactate rather than pyruvic acid and lactic acid at pH=7.4 has to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Carboxylic acid: One −OH group is attached to the carbonyl carbon atom of the compound. It is represented as RCOOH

Carboxylate anion: They are anions formed when hydrogen atom is removed from the −COOH group of carboxylic acid. It forms an equilibrium with carboxylic acid in an aqueous solution.

Answer 8

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 17.30UKC

At pH=7.4, pyruvic acid and lactic acid exist as anions(pyruvate and lactate)

Answer 9

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer 10

(a)

Expert Solution

Answer 11

Expert Solution

Answer 12

Explanation of Solution

Carboxylate anions are anions formed when hydrogen atom is removed from the −COOH group of carboxylic acid. It forms an equilibrium with carboxylic acid in an aqueous solution.

At pH=7.4, pyruvic acid and lactic acid exist as anions where hydrogen atom is removed from the −COOH group.

Therefore,

At pH=7.4 pyruvate and lactate exist.

Answer 13

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structures acid altered to create pyruvic and lactic acid has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Carboxylic acid: One −OH group is attached to the carbonyl carbon atom of the compound. It is represented as RCOOH

Carboxylate anion: They are anions formed when hydrogen atom is removed from the −COOH group of carboxylic acid. It forms an equilibrium with carboxylic acid in an aqueous solution.

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 17.30UKC

The altered structure is

Pearson eText Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry -- Instant Access (Pearson+), Chapter 17, Problem 17.30UKC , additional homework tip 1

Explanation of Solution

Carboxylate anions are anions formed when hydrogen atom is removed from the −COOH group of carboxylic acid. It forms an equilibrium with carboxylic acid in an aqueous solution.

To alter the structures of pyruvate and lactate to create pyruvic acid and lactic acid, one hydrogen atom is added to the −COO− group.

Therefore,

The structures acid altered to create pyruvic and lactic acid are,

Pearson eText Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry -- Instant Access (Pearson+), Chapter 17, Problem 17.30UKC , additional homework tip 2

Answer 14

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The structures acid altered to create pyruvic and lactic acid has to be drawn.

Concept Introduction:

Carboxylic acid: One −OH group is attached to the carbonyl carbon atom of the compound. It is represented as RCOOH

Carboxylate anion: They are anions formed when hydrogen atom is removed from the −COOH group of carboxylic acid. It forms an equilibrium with carboxylic acid in an aqueous solution.

Answer 15

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 17.30UKC

The altered structure is

Pearson eText Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry -- Instant Access (Pearson+), Chapter 17, Problem 17.30UKC , additional homework tip 1

Answer 16

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer 17

(b)

Expert Solution

Answer 18

Expert Solution

Answer 19

Explanation of Solution

Carboxylate anions are anions formed when hydrogen atom is removed from the −COOH group of carboxylic acid. It forms an equilibrium with carboxylic acid in an aqueous solution.

To alter the structures of pyruvate and lactate to create pyruvic acid and lactic acid, one hydrogen atom is added to the −COO− group.

Therefore,

The structures acid altered to create pyruvic and lactic acid are,

Pearson eText Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry -- Instant Access (Pearson+), Chapter 17, Problem 17.30UKC , additional homework tip 2

Answer 20

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The hydrogen bonding in pyruvate and lactate has to be drawn. The expected difference in the solubility of pyruvate and lactate in water has to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Solubility: The maximum quantity of a solute which can be dissolved at a particular amount of solvent in a certain temperature.

Carboxylic acid: One −OH group is attached to the carbonyl carbon atom of the compound. It is represented as RCOOH

Carboxylate anion: They are anions formed when hydrogen atom is removed from the −COOH group of carboxylic acid. It forms an equilibrium with carboxylic acid in an aqueous solution.

Hydrogen bonding is a type of dipole-dipole interaction of molecules when the hydrogen is bonded to strong electronegative atom in the molecules.

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 17.30UKC

The solubilities of pyruvate and lactate in water is similar.
Hydrogen bonding in pyruvate,

Pearson eText Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry -- Instant Access (Pearson+), Chapter 17, Problem 17.30UKC , additional homework tip 3

Hydrogen bonding in lactate,

Pearson eText Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry -- Instant Access (Pearson+), Chapter 17, Problem 17.30UKC , additional homework tip 4

Explanation of Solution

Hydrogen bonding is a type of dipole-dipole interaction of molecules when the hydrogen is bonded to strong electronegative atom in the molecules.

The oxygen atom in the −COO− group of pyruvate and lactate forms hydrogen bond with the hydrogen atom of water molecule.
The hydrogen atom in the −OH group present in the lactate forms hydrogen bonding with oxygen atom of water molecule whereas oxygen atom on the carbonyl carbon present in the pyruvate forms hydrogen bonding with hydrogen atom of water molecule
Since both pyruvate and lactate can form hydrogen bond with water molecule, they are soluble in water. The solubilities of pyruvate and lactate in water is similar.

Hydrogen bonding in pyruvate,

Pearson eText Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry -- Instant Access (Pearson+), Chapter 17, Problem 17.30UKC , additional homework tip 5

Hydrogen bonding in lactate,

Pearson eText Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry -- Instant Access (Pearson+), Chapter 17, Problem 17.30UKC , additional homework tip 6

Answer 21

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

The hydrogen bonding in pyruvate and lactate has to be drawn. The expected difference in the solubility of pyruvate and lactate in water has to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Solubility: The maximum quantity of a solute which can be dissolved at a particular amount of solvent in a certain temperature.

Carboxylic acid: One −OH group is attached to the carbonyl carbon atom of the compound. It is represented as RCOOH

Carboxylate anion: They are anions formed when hydrogen atom is removed from the −COOH group of carboxylic acid. It forms an equilibrium with carboxylic acid in an aqueous solution.

Hydrogen bonding is a type of dipole-dipole interaction of molecules when the hydrogen is bonded to strong electronegative atom in the molecules.

Answer 22

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer to Problem 17.30UKC

The solubilities of pyruvate and lactate in water is similar.
Hydrogen bonding in pyruvate,

Pearson eText Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry -- Instant Access (Pearson+), Chapter 17, Problem 17.30UKC , additional homework tip 3

Hydrogen bonding in lactate,

Pearson eText Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry -- Instant Access (Pearson+), Chapter 17, Problem 17.30UKC , additional homework tip 4

Answer 23

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer 24

(c)

Expert Solution

Answer 25

Expert Solution

Answer 26

Explanation of Solution

Hydrogen bonding is a type of dipole-dipole interaction of molecules when the hydrogen is bonded to strong electronegative atom in the molecules.

The oxygen atom in the −COO− group of pyruvate and lactate forms hydrogen bond with the hydrogen atom of water molecule.
The hydrogen atom in the −OH group present in the lactate forms hydrogen bonding with oxygen atom of water molecule whereas oxygen atom on the carbonyl carbon present in the pyruvate forms hydrogen bonding with hydrogen atom of water molecule
Since both pyruvate and lactate can form hydrogen bond with water molecule, they are soluble in water. The solubilities of pyruvate and lactate in water is similar.

Hydrogen bonding in pyruvate,

Pearson eText Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry -- Instant Access (Pearson+), Chapter 17, Problem 17.30UKC , additional homework tip 5

Hydrogen bonding in lactate,

Pearson eText Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry -- Instant Access (Pearson+), Chapter 17, Problem 17.30UKC , additional homework tip 6