Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
To explain where the citric acid cycle occurs and the starting product and end product.
Introduction:
Citric acid cycle is a combination of series of
(b)
Interpretation:
To explain where the glycolysis occurs and the starting product and end product.
Introduction:
Glycolysis is the series of reactions that converts carbohydrates like glucose to energy carrying molecules and Acetyl-CoA.
(c)
Interpretation:
To explain where the Oxidative Phosphorylation occurs and the starting product and end product.
Introduction:
Oxidative Phosphorylation is the process of production of ATP by donating electron from NADH and FADH2 through a series of biochemical reactions.
(d)
Interpretation:
To explain where the fatty acid synthesis occurs and the starting product and end product.
Introduction:
Fatty acid synthesis is the series of chemical reaction that occur in the cell to produce fatty acids from Acetyl-CoA using fatty acid synthase enzymes
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Biochemistry
- a) How many moles of ATP can be gained from the catabolism of the following substrates to pyruvate? 2 Mole mannose 2 Mole lactose mole glycerol. b) Name three metabolic processes in the cell that are enhanced and two that are inhibited in response to the hormone insulinarrow_forwardDiscuss the mechanism cells employ to create a concentration gradient to ensure continual uptake of glucose from the bloodstream. Illustrate and Correlate the major Metabolic Pathways that are discussed. Label each pathway.arrow_forward|a) Explain why the citric acid cycle is considered to be the center of cellular metabolism. b) What are the substrates and products corresponding to one turn of the citric acid cycle? (no need for enzymes) c) Which steps of the citric acid cycle release CO2 as a product? Which steps produce NADH or FADH2? Which step produces GTP? d) How much ATP can be generated from glucose when the citric acid cycle is operating?arrow_forward
- Indicate whether the following statements are true or false:- a) The pentose phosphate pathway of glucose oxidation can lead to the release of energy. b) NAD + is a coenzyme of transketolase.arrow_forwardDefine each of the following metabolic processes and write notes on importance and regulation of each. WRITE IN A CLEAR AND LONGER FORM (A) Krebs-Henseleit (Urea) cycle. (B) Oxidative pentose phosphate pathway.arrow_forwardOnly the one question displayed is neededarrow_forward
- The energy for the production of ATP comes from the breakdown of a glucose molecule via many enzyme-mediated chemical reactions occurring at several distinct stages of cellular respiration. During this time, the chemical energy stored in glucose is continually trans- ferred across these reactions. Which of the following describes the form in which most of the energy from the glucose molecule is stored just before the oxidative phosphorylation stage in aerobic cellular respiration? A B с D acetyl CoA FADH 2 NADH pyruvatearrow_forwardDescribe how a) Mean Arterial Pressure, b) Maximal Oxygen Consumption, and c) Blood Flow are determined using its formula. In addition, you should explain what those factors are including cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, resistance, a-vO2 difference, etc. Describe how many ATPs can be generated by complete cycles of beta oxidation of free fatty acid with 20 carbons. You should indicate how many cycles of beta oxidation and Krebs cycle, and total number of products as wellarrow_forwardGluconeogenesis involves the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors. The organs most active from the perspective of gluconeogenesis are the liver and the kidney, which supply glucose to the organs that cannot synthesize it, yet have a strict need for glucose as an energy source. Gluconeogenesis requires several equilibrium steps of glycolysis to run in the reverse direction. What are the reactants and products when GAPDH runs in the direction of gluconeogenesis Glycolysis as a ten-step pathway from glucose to pyruvate is Favourable. Is gluconeogenesis favourable under standard conditions (ie. is the ΔGo’ for the pathway negative)? c. What is true about the thermodynamics of the regulated steps in glycolysis. Compare ΔG and ΔGo’ for those steps in both directions.arrow_forward
- For each of the following conditions, state whether this condition would be occurring during gluconeogenesis, glycolysis, or both in liver cells. a. Transporting malate from the cytosol into the mitochondria. _____________ b. Transporting pyruvate from the cytosol into the mitochondria. _____________ c. We would have an increased (or increasing) concentration of F26BP. __________ d. Increased concentration of F6P.__________ e. Hexokinase IV (or glucokinase) is found in the nucleus of the cell. __________ f. The enzyme that synthesizes/breaks down F26BP is phosphorylated. __________ g. Elevated levels of glucagon in the blood. ____________arrow_forwardOf the 36 molecules of ATP produced by the complete metabolism of glucose, how many are produced directly in glycolysis alone, that is, before the common pathway?arrow_forwardDEFINE THE FOLLOWING TERMS: a) Gluconeogenesis b) Glycolysis c) Citric Acid Cycle Please explain this in-detailed and longer, thank you.arrow_forward
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