Biochemistry
9th Edition
ISBN: 9781305961135
Author: Mary K. Campbell, Shawn O. Farrell, Owen M. McDougal
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Textbook Question
Chapter 16, Problem 5RE
RECALL How many possible epimers of D-glucose exist?
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Fatty acids are carboxylic acids with long hydrophobic tails. Draw the line-bond structure of cis-A9-hexadecenoate. Clearly
show the cis-trans stereochemistry.
The formation of acetyl-CoA from acetate is an ATP-driven reaction:
Acetate + ATP + COA Acetyl CoA+AMP+ PP
Calculate AG for this reaction given that the AG for the hydrolysis of acetyl CoA to acetate and CoA is -31.4 kJ mol-1
(-7.5 kcal mol-¹) and that the AG for hydrolysis of ATP to AMP and PP; is -45.6 kJ mol-1 (-10.9 kcal mol-¹).
AG
reaction
kJ mol-1
The PP, formed in the preceding reaction is rapidly hydrolyzed in vivo because of the ubiquity of inorganic pyrophosphatase.
The AG for the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate (PP.) is -19.2 KJ mol-¹ (-4.665 kcal mol-¹). Calculate the AG° for the overall
reaction, including pyrophosphate hydrolysis.
AGO
reaction with PP, hydrolysis
=
What effect does the presence of pyrophosphatase have on the formation of acetyl CoA?
It does not affect the overall reaction.
It makes the overall reaction even more endergonic.
It brings the overall reaction closer to equilibrium.
It makes the overall reaction even more exergonic.
kJ mol-1
Consider the Haworth projections of ẞ-L-galactose and ẞ-L-glucose shown here.
OH
CH₂OH
OH
CH₂OH OH
OH
OH
ОН
OH
он
B-L-galactose
B-L-glucose
Which terms describe the relationship between these two sugars?
epimers
enantiomers
anomers
diastereomers
Chapter 16 Solutions
Biochemistry
Ch. 16 - RECALL Define the following terms: polysaccharide,...Ch. 16 - RECALL Name which, if any, of the following are...Ch. 16 - RECALL Name which, if any, of the following groups...Ch. 16 - RECALL What is the difference between an...Ch. 16 - RECALL How many possible epimers of D-glucose...Ch. 16 - RECALL Why are furanoses and pyranoses the most...Ch. 16 - RECALL How many chiral centers are there in the...Ch. 16 - REFLECT AND APPLY Following are Fischer...Ch. 16 - REFLECT AND APPLY The sugar alcohol often used in...Ch. 16 - REFLECT AND APPLY Consider the structures of...
Ch. 16 - REFLECT AND APPLY Two sugars are epimers of each...Ch. 16 - REFLECT AND APPLY How does the cyclization of...Ch. 16 - REFLECT AND APPLY Convert the following Haworth...Ch. 16 - REFLECT AND APPLY Convert each of the following...Ch. 16 - REFLECT AND APPLY Starting with a Fischer...Ch. 16 - REFLECT AND APPLY Starting with the open-chain...Ch. 16 - RECALL What is unusual about the structure of...Ch. 16 - RECALL What is the chemical difference between a...Ch. 16 - RECALL Define the term reducing sugar.Ch. 16 - BIOCHEMICAL CONNECTIONS What are the structural...Ch. 16 - RECALL Name two differences between sucrose and...Ch. 16 - REFLECT AND APPLY Draw a Haworth projection for...Ch. 16 - BIOCHEMICAL CONNECTIONS What is the metabolic...Ch. 16 - REFLECT AND APPLY Draw Haworth projection formulas...Ch. 16 - BIOCHEMICAL CONNECTIONS A friend asks you why some...Ch. 16 - RECALL What are some of the main differences...Ch. 16 - RECALL How does chitin differ from cellulose in...Ch. 16 - RECALL How does glycogen differ from starch in...Ch. 16 - RECALL What is the main structural difference...Ch. 16 - RECALL What is the main structural difference...Ch. 16 - RECALL How do the cell walls of bacteria differ...Ch. 16 - REFLECT AND APPLY Pectin, which occurs in plant...Ch. 16 - REFLECT AND APPLY Advertisements for a food...Ch. 16 - REFLECT AND APPLY Explain how the minor structural...Ch. 16 - REFLECT AND APPLY All naturally occurring...Ch. 16 - REFLECT AND APPLY An amylose chain is 5000 glucose...Ch. 16 - REFLECT AND APPLY Suppose that a polymer of...Ch. 16 - REFLECT AND APPLY Glycogen is highly branched....Ch. 16 - REFLECT AND APPLY No animal can digest cellulose....Ch. 16 - REFLECT AND APPLY How does the presence of -bonds...Ch. 16 - REFLECT AND APPLY How do the sites of cleavage of...Ch. 16 - BIOCHEMICAL CONNECTIONS What is the benefit of...Ch. 16 - REFLECT AND APPLY How would you expect the active...Ch. 16 - REFLECT AND APPLY Would you expect cross-linking...Ch. 16 - REFLECT AND APPLY Compare the information in the...Ch. 16 - REFLECT AND APPLY Why is it advantageous that...Ch. 16 - REFLECT AND APPLY Why is the polysaccharide chitin...Ch. 16 - REFLECT AND APPLY Could bacterial cell walls...Ch. 16 - REFLECT AND APPLY Some athletes eat diets high in...Ch. 16 - Prob. 50RECh. 16 - REFLECT AND APPLY Blood samples for research or...Ch. 16 - REFLECT AND APPLY Based on what you know about...Ch. 16 - RECALL What are glycoproteins? What are some of...Ch. 16 - BIOCHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Briefly indicate the role...
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- Classify each characteristic as describing anabolism or catabolism. Anabolism Answer Bank Catabolism transforms fuels into cellular energy, such as ATP or ion gradients uses NADPH as the electron carrier synthesizes macromolecules requires energy inputs, such as ATP uses NAD+ as the electron carrier breaks down macromoleculesarrow_forwardThe table lists the standard free energies (AG") of hydrolysis of some phosphorylated compounds. Compound kJ mol-1 kcal mol-1 Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) -61.9 -14.8 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG) -49.4 -11.8 Creatine phosphate -43.1 -10.3 ATP (to ADP) -30.5 -7.3 Glucose 1-phosphate -20.9 -5.0 Pyrophosphate (PP) -19.3 -4.6 Glucose 6-phosphate -13.8 -3.3 Glycerol 3-phosphate -9.2 -2.2 What is the direction of each of the reactions shown when the reactants are initially present in equimolar amounts? (a) ATP + H2O ADP + P (b) ATP + glycerol glycerol 3-phosphate + ADParrow_forwardCharacterize each term or phrase as pertaining to simple or facilitated diffusion. Simple diffusion Facilitated diffusion Answer Bank requires an input of free energy lipophilic molecules directly through membrane via channels polar molecules Na+arrow_forward
- Sort the descriptions into properties that describe either saturated phospholipids or unsaturated phospholipids. Saturated phospholipids Saturated and unsaturated phospholipids Unsaturated phospholipids Answer Bank have no double bonds in the fatty acid carbon chains have straight fatty acid tails have at least one double bond in the fatty acid tails have bent fatty acid tails are built upon a glycerol backbone make the membrane somewhat rigid at low temperatures allow the membrane to remain fluid and flexible at low temperatures fatty acid tails pack tightly together maintain some space between adjacent phospholipidsarrow_forwardPlace the events of an action potential in order, starting and ending with a cell at its resting membrane potential. Cell starts at its resting membrane potential. Cell returns to its resting membrane potential. Answer Bank K+ channels fully open, and Na+ channels are inactivated. K* rushes out of the cell, causing repolarization. K+ channels close slowly, resulting in hyperpolarization. Na+ channel gates reset. Fast Na+ and slow K+ channels are activated. Na rushes into the cell, causing membrane depolarization. Ligand activation of the acetylcholine receptor depolarizes the membrane.arrow_forwardGlucose and fructose are reducing sugars. Sucrose, or table sugar, is a disaccharide consisting of both fructose and glucose. Is sucrose a reducing sugar? Why or why not? No, because only one anomeric carbon is involved in the glycosidic linkage. No, because both anomeric carbons are involved in the glycosidic linkage. Yes, because the fructose unit can convert to the open-chain form. Yes, because the glucose unit can convert to the open-chain form. Which statements about reducing sugars are true? The oxidation of a reducing sugar forms a carboxylic acid sugar. D-Arabinose (an aldose) is a reducing sugar. Reducing sugars contain keto groups instead of aldehyde groups. A disaccharide with its anomeric carbons joined by the glycosidic linkage cannot be a reducing sugar. A reducing sugar will not react with the Cu² + in Fehlings's reagent.arrow_forward
- Examine the pairs of molecules and identify the more-reduced molecule in each pair. H-C- CH, OH CH HO-C-H CH₁₂ Pyruvate Ethanol Acetaldehyde Lactate COO H-C H H- -C-H COO- Succinate Fumarate -OOC COO H COO- H――000- CH₂ COO- Oxalosuccinate H-C-OH OOC-C-H CH₂ COO Isocitratearrow_forwardClassify each description as characterizing facilitated diffusion, primary active transport, secondary active transport, or both primary and secondary active transport. Facilitated diffusion Primary active transport Secondary active transport Primary and secondary active transport Answer Bank requires ATP includes lactose permease directly uses ATP hydrolysis to pump substances across the membrane includes the Na+-K+ ATPase pump always moves more than one substance at a time movement of substances against an electrochemical gradient does not require energy input includes uniporters uses energy stored in electrochemical gradients generated by pumpsarrow_forwardCreatine is a popular dietary supplement. What is the biochemical rationale for the use of creatine? It would directly serve as an electron carrier to support the oxidation of fuel molecules and thus energy production. It would serve as an electron donor to support reductive biosyntheses required to sustain cellular function. It would be converted into creatine phosphate and thus serve as a rapid means of replenishing ATP during muscle contraction. It would promote the movement of ions through ion channels and thus power the synthesis of ATP during exercise. What type of exercise would benefit most from creatine supplementation? a leisurely walk sprinting yoga a long-distance runarrow_forward
- Assign each statement to the corresponding polysaccharide. Chitin Starch Glycogen Cellulose Answer Bank is abundant in muscle and liver provides structural support for plants is the storage form of glucose in animals provides structural support for animals such as arthropods is a storage form of fuel in plant cells consists of N-acetylglucosamine residues comes in two forms: amylose and amylopectinarrow_forwardMatch each term with its description. has the molecular formula of (CHO), monosaccharides that differ at a single asymmetric carbon atom the storage form of glucose in animals the storage form of glucose in plants glycoprotein containing glycosaminoglycans the most abundant organic molecule in the biosphere N-acetylgalactosamine is a key component of this glycoprotein carbohydrate-binding proteins enzymes that synthesize oligosaccharides stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other Answer Bank lectins epimers starch mucoprotein carbohydrates glycogen glycosyltransferases cellulose enantiomers proteoglycanarrow_forwardComplete the sentences describing membrane lipids by moving the names of the lipids to the appropriate sentence. Some lipids will be used more than once, and some sentences will require you to place two or three lipids. Answer Bank include two fatty acids joined to glycerol by ester linkages. do not contain glycerol. is a steroid. contain a sphingosine backbone. contain one or more sugars. usually have branched alkyl chains. glycolipids phosphoglycerides sphingomyelin cholesterol archacal lipidsarrow_forward
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