Universe: Stars And Galaxies
6th Edition
ISBN: 9781319115098
Author: Roger Freedman, Robert Geller, William J. Kaufmann
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
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Chapter 16, Problem 50Q
To determine
The amount of visible light emitted by the Sun varies only little over the 11 year sunspot cycle. But the number of x-ray emitted by the Sun can be 10 times greater at the solar maxima than at solarminima. Explain the reason for this variation in these two types of
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a) At solar maximum sunspots might cover up to 0.4% of the total area of the Sun. If the sunspots have a temperature of 3800 K and the surrounding photosphere has a temperature of 6000 K, calculate the fractional change (as a percentage) in the luminosity due to the presence of the sunspots.
b) A star of the same stellar class as the Sun is observed regularly over many years, and a time series of its bolometric apparent magnitude is collected. What would be the signal in this time series which indicated that the star had a magnetic dynamo similar to the Sun? Briefly describe two or three possible sources of other signals which could confuse the interpretation of the data.
Explain why there is the low number of observed solar neutrinos?
If you were located 100 km from a 1 GW nuclear power plant,what would the neutrino flux be at your location? Assume that a1 GW nuclear power plant releases 1021 neutrinos per second andyou present a 1 m2 surface to the neutrino flux.
Chapter 16 Solutions
Universe: Stars And Galaxies
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- Someone suggests that astronomers build a special gamma-ray detector to detect gamma rays produced during the proton-proton chain in the core of the Sun, just like they built a neutrino detector. Explain why this would be a fruitless effort.arrow_forwardFrom the information in Figure 15.21, estimate the speed with which the particles in the CME in parts (c) and (d) are moving away from the Sun. Figure 15.21 Flare and Coronal Mass Ejection. This sequence of four images shows the evolution over time of a giant eruption on the Sun. (a) The event began at the location of a sunspot group, and (b) a flare is seen in far-ultraviolet light. (c) Fourteen hours later, a CME is seen blasting out into space. (d) Three hours later, this CME has expanded to form a giant cloud of particles escaping from the Sun and is beginning the journey out into the solar system. The white circle in (c) and (d) shows the diameter of the solar photosphere. The larger dark area shows where light from the Sun has been blocked out by a specially designed instrument to make it possible to see the faint emission from the corona. (credit a, b, c, d: modification of work by SOHO/EIT, SOHO/LASCO, SOHO/MDI (ESA & NASA))arrow_forwardHow is a neutrino different from a neutron? List all the ways you can think of.arrow_forward
- Show that the statement that 92% of the Sun’s atoms are hydrogen is consistent with the statement that 73% of the Sun’s mass is made up of hydrogen, as found in Table 15.2. (Hint: Make the simplifying assumption, which is nearly correct, that the Sun is made up entirely of hydrogen and helium.)arrow_forward1 Solar constant, Sun, and the 10 pc distance! The luminosity of Sun is + 4- 1026 W - 4- 1033ergs-1, The Sun is located at a distance of m from the Earth. The Earth receives a radiant flux (above its atmosphere) of F = 1365W m- 2, also known as the solar constant. What would have been the Solar contact if the Sun was at a distance of 10 pc ? 1AU 1 1.5-+ 1011arrow_forwardEx. 84: Taking collar constant as 1340 watt/m² minute. Calculate black body temperature per of the sun, from following data. o = 5.67 x 10-* W/ m² K¹, Radius of sun R = 7 x 10 km. The distance between sun and earth = 1.496 x 10³ kmarrow_forward
- Recall that the solar constant—the flux of solar energy reaching Earth’s vicinity—is about 1,400 W/m2. If the Sun’s energy originates in the proton-proton cycle, at what rate (kg/s) does the Sun lose mass? Compare the yearly mass loss with the Sun’s total mass. Mass rate = 4.404 x 10^9 kg/sarrow_forwardConsidering your answer to the above question, how does this timescale for the Sun's evaporation by the solar wind compare to the age of the Universe? O The solar wind evaporation time is much longer than the age of the Universe O The solar wind evaporation time is much shorter than the age of the Universe. O The solar wind evaporation time is close to the age of the Universe (ie, within a few billion yearsarrow_forwardI asked this question already but the answer was wrong and I couldn't follow along with the work so I was hoping you could try again A Sun-like star has a power output of 3.1·1026 W with 87.3% of this energy supplied by the proton-proton chain. How many protons are consumed per second in the core of this star?arrow_forward
- W S 7 What is the ultimate source of energy that makes the Sun shine? nuclear fusion O mechanical to thermal energy conversion O Kelvin-Helmholtz contraction O radioactivity O chemical burning # 3 e d с $ A t 4 f do in % 5 t D.O Σ Oll 6 0 T & 7 h ▸ u 8arrow_forwardI need the answer as soon as possiblearrow_forwardd) Calculate what temperature a thermal kinetic energy of 2 keV corresponds to, and compare this with the temperature in the core of the Sun.arrow_forward
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